The year of 2020

1

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice B is the best answer because “strive to” is a phrasal verb that is followed by an infinitive verb that shows what the subject is “striving” or “trying” to do. Choice B fits the context of showing that the art restorers try to ensure that the works of art last as long as possible.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are not standard usage with “to strive.”

2

Content: precision and concision

Choice A is the best answer because it clearly conveys the author’s intended message that art restorers try to make artwork last. No other words are needed in the underlined portion.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as redundant. For Choice B, “beloved” in the main sentence refers to something that many people treasure. Therefore, “prized by many” has the same meaning. For Choices C and D, “as long as possible” refers to the time from now until as far into the future as is able to happen. “Through time” in Choice C and “into the future” in Choice D are unnecessary.

3

Content: punctuation

Choice D is the best answer because a dash is used to add more explanation to clarify the main clause of the sentence. In this case, the following portion gives examples to clarify how a work or art might be damaged.

Choice A is incorrect because a semicolon needs to be followed by an independent clause, but the following portion cannot stand on its own. Choice B is incorrect because the portion following the period is not a complete sentence with subject and verb. Choice C is incorrect because there is no punctuation to indicate where the main clause ends and the added information begins.

4

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice B is the best answer because the passage describes the “training” or “education” required to become an art restorer. The passage gives examples of several specific artists to show the type of work they do and outlines the challenges they face to illustrate the point that there are “specialized” or “very specific” skills needed.

Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss “unsuccessful” or “failed attempts” at restoration. It only describes the care needed to complete the job well. Choice C is incorrect because lighting is not discussed in the passage. Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not discuss “borrowing” or “using” tools from other industries; it shows how cross-training gives restorers the skills they need to complete the job.

5

Content: punctuation

Choice D is the best answer because “and in many cases, very old ones” is an added detail that provides more information about the previous noun, “valuable works.” It is not necessary for the structure of the main clause, so should be divided from the sentence with the same punctuation at the start and end. In this case, “ones” is followed by a dash, so “and” should also be preceded by one.

Choices A and B can be eliminated because the punctuation is not the same at the start and end of the added detail, “and in many cases, very old ones.” Additionally, a semicolon or single dash should follow an independent clause, but they divide the phrasal verb “to subject to XX.” Choice C is incorrect because there needs to be punctuation after “works” to show where the added sentence begins. The dash in the main portion of the sentence creates the same problem as in Choice A.

6

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice A is the best answer because the paragraph is about Tartt’s work in general and is written in the present tense, so the simple present should be used to describe the process she uses.

Choice B is incorrect because it is a past tense form, but the paragraph is discussing a process in general rather than a specific action that ended in the past. Choice C refers to an action that might have happened under other conditions, but that did not. Choice D is incorrect because it is a future tense which shows something that has not yet happened, but Tartt does the restoration process regularly.

7

Content: transitions

Choice A is the best answer because “in preparation” refers to something that is done before something else, so aptly describes the education that is needed before restoring artwork. “Such delicate work” emphasizes the previous description that restoration requires careful handling. Choice A therefore prepares the reader for the following description of education to complete the difficult task of restoring art.

Choice B is incorrect because the following portion is about education, not about “erasing” or “eliminating” all damage from an artwork. Choice C refers to the “market” or “sales opportunity” for restored artwork, but the following portion does not say whether such work can be sold at all. Choice D refers to modern artwork specifically, but the following portion discusses restoration in general.

8

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice C is the best answer because the paragraph describes how art restorers need to be experts on the chemical reactions between paints and canvases, and gives the specific example of Tartt to illustrate that point. The passage ends by explaining the training many restorers gain to become proficient in the field. Choice C provides a solid conclusion by explaining the purpose of the extended training by reinforcing the need for precision, since artworks “depend” or “rely” on the skills.

Choice A is incorrect because it introduces the idea of forgeries, which are not mentioned in the paragraph at all. Choice B brings up a new topic, outdoor artwork, rather than concluding the discussion of chemistry and other skills needed to become a restorer. Choice D diverges completely from the paragraph by introducing a new artist and the undiscussed concept of raising market value.

9

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice D is the best answer because “Tibetan Buddhist paintings on cotton or silk appliqués” is a noun that acts as a definition of the previous noun, “thangkas.” Such a definition is considered non-essential so should be divided from the main clause with a comma.

Choices A and B are incorrect because a semicolon should divide two independent clauses, but the following portion is a noun phrase. Choice C is incorrect because the portion following the period is not a sentence; there is no active verb.

10

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice C is the best answer because it is a neutral word that means “well-known.” It fits the professional tone of the passage and clearly explains that the museums are famous.

Choices A and D refer to something that is easily seen or that attracts attention but do not necessarily mean that the museum is famous. For example, the museum could be conspicuous because it is painted bright purple. Choice B is incorrect because it has a negative connotation that implies that something is famous for a scandal or bad quality.

11

Content: style and tone

Choice D is the best answer because the following claim is that other restorers work in “museums, libraries, galleries, and antique stores.” In other words, they are employed by a single organization to work on objects in the possession of that organization. The best contrast to that claim is Choice D because it describes a person not employed by one organization at all; it shows that restorers also work for many different clients on different projects.

None of the other choices sets up an effective contrast with the fact that some restorers work in organizations. Choice A is incorrect because “professional credentials” refers to background and qualifications to do a job. The passage indicates that all restorers need “extensive” or “much” training and experience to do the job well, so ones who work in organizations would also need them. Choice B is incorrect because there is no indication that restorers in organization don’t enjoy their work. Choice C is incorrect because it is possible that restorers in organizations work with a range of media.

12

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice A is the best answer because the discussion that follows is that some vacant historic buildings are expensive to repair, but there are benefits to doing so. Choice A sets up this discussion by voicing the obvious objection in many people’s minds: it is easier to build a new structure. That objection is then countered by the following arguments.

All of the other choices emphasize topics which are not discussed in the paragraph. Choice B talks about developers and saving money, but the paragraph admits that it costs money to restore a building. Choice C refers to office buildings, but the discussion in the paragraph is historic buildings with the example of a theater. Choice D focuses on environmental impact and recycling rather than community spirit and economic growth.

13

Content: punctuation

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion is part of a list of nouns joined by “and.” In such a list, items need to be followed by commas as in Choice D.

All of the other choices are incorrect because they are not standard usage for lists joined by “and.” In Choices A and B, a semicolon is used instead of a comma; a semicolon is only used in a list when items are complex ideas containing commas. In addition, Choice A does not have a comma after “wiring.” In Choice C, there needs to be a comma after “mold” to show where one item ends and the next begins.

14

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice C is the best answer because it is a verb that means that something is used as an example to illustrate a point. That meaning fits the context that the Vogue Theater acts as an example to prove that “renovating historic buildings can be a source of community spirit and economic growth.”

Choices A and B are incorrect because they indicate that the subject is actively trying to prove a point, but a theater is inanimate and cannot conduct an argument. Choice D refers to representing or describing something in a particular way, but the theater is not trying to explain something.

15

Content: transitions

Choice B is the best answer because it is a transition used to show a contrast or something unexpected. That transition sets up the change in tone from the previous sentence’s claim that the theater was a modern landmark to the following sentence’s statement that the theater had fallen into disrepair.

None of the other choices adequately establishes the relationship between the preceding and following ideas. Choice A is used to show the logical conclusion to a previous series of events, but there is no reason that a famous landmark would be neglected. Choice C is used to add an additional idea on the same theme rather than change the tone. Choice D is used to highlight points of similarity between the previous and following idea.

16

Content: precision and concision

Choice D is the best answer because no extra words are needed to make the author’s intended meaning clear.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as redundant. A “fund-raising campaign” is an effort to raise money from people to complete a project, so “raised money” in Choice A, “by acquiring costs” in Choice B, and “asked…to provide monetary support” in Choice C are unnecessary. In addition, the main sentence says that fund-raising was conducted in “Manistee and its environs,” meaning “in and around Manistee,” so Choice A does not need “in the city and neighboring areas” and Choice C does not need “from those areas.” Since the sentence explains that the money was used to help “meet the costs of fixing the exterior and purchasing new furnishings and equipment for the interior,” the fact that the money was used “to cover the theater’s repair costs” is not needed in Choice B.

17

Content: subject-verb agreement

Choice A is the best answer because the underlined portion is the verb that needs to agree with the subject of the clause, “a video that plays before each film.” Choice A is singular, so agrees with the singular “a video.”

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are plural verbs, so do not agree with the singular subject, “a video.”

18

Content: logical sequence

Choice B is the best answer because the added sentence refers to the theater becoming a popular gathering place. That idea fits most logically after the statement in sentence 2 that the community gathered funds to restore the building, which would have happened before people started to gather there. The added sentence is a general claim about the change in the use of the building, so it effectively sets up the specific examples in sentence 3 of the popularity and community feel: over 100 people volunteer there and people who helped are honored in a video.

All of the other choices disrupt the logical flow of the paragraph. In Choice A, the logical time sequence is disrupted. For Choices C and D, the general claim in the added sentence comes after specific examples that support that claim.

19

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice A is the best answer because an “effect” is a result, and “ripple” describes the nature of the result: it spreads wider and wider in the same way ripples move across a pond. “Ripple effect” is a standard phrase used to explain that something continues to expand.

Choices B and D are incorrect because “rippled” is an adjective which describes a shape, but the result is not textured with a physical wave-like pattern. Choices C and D are incorrect because “affect” is a verb that shows something is impacted.

20

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice B is the best answer because “new restaurants…downtown” and “many businesses…the renovation” are both independent clauses. The word “and” subordinates the second and links the ideas as related thoughts that both occurred “since the reopening.”

Choice A is incorrect because it is a run-on between two independent clauses; punctuation or a conjunction is needed to show where one idea ends and the second begins. Choices C and D are comma splices. In Choice D, “what’s more” is an aside that does not subordinate the following idea.

21

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice D is the best answer because the following paragraph is about “challenges” or “problems” associated with renovating a historic building, such as the high cost of renovation and whether the property will generate an income. Choice D therefore introduces the following specific examples of problems with the general claim that such problems exist.

Choice A is incorrect because the following paragraph is about historic properties within a community and commercial properties, not “private homes.” Choice B is incorrect because there is no discussion about a “national landmark” status in the paragraph. Choice C is incorrect because it steers the topic to other challenges rather than focusing on the idea of renovated buildings.

22

Content: syntax

Choice C is the best answer because the underlined portion is the end of a statement, not a question, so a period is needed; it is the object explaining what “community leaders must evaluate.” Choice C completes the idea with the conventional grammatical structure for a clause of a noun, “the building,” followed by a verb, “anchors.”

Choices A and D are incorrect because they contain a question mark, but the sentence is not a question. It is explaining what community leaders must evaluate. Choices B and D are incorrect because they use the inverted structure for asking a question (verb-subject, “does the building”) rather than completing the idea as a regular clause.

23-44 questions For complete explanation, please consult sathelper888@gmail.com

For complete explanation, please consult sathelper888@gmail.com

For complete explanation, please consult sathelper888@gmail.com

1

Content: misplaced modifier

Choice B is the best answer because “born in New York in the mid-1800’s” is a modifier that describes Lewis. A modifier at the beginning of a sentence should be directly followed by a comma and the noun that it refers to, as in Choice B.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because “born in New York in the mid-1800’s” illogically refers to something other than Lewis. For Choice A, it refers to the “training.” For Choice C, it refers to “Boston.” For Choice D, it refers to the generic “it.”

2

Content: possession and possessive pronouns

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion is a pronoun that needs to show that the “most ambitious projects” were ones that Lewis did. Choice D is a possessive pronoun used for women, so accurately refers to the female sculptor.

Choice A is used for inanimate objects and animals rather than women. Choice B is used with a noun that is not previously mentioned in the sentence, but Lewis is directly stated by name. Choice C is plural, but there is only one person being described in the sentence.

3

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice A is the best answer because a “profound impact” refers to a “significant effect.” That wording effectively introduces the passage’s discussion of a sculptor who is not well known now, but who was influential during her time period. The passage describes her statue Forever Free in great detail, showing how important the symbolism was to the emancipation movement. Another work that had a significant effect was Lewis’s treatment of Cleopatra in ways that “shocked and riveted” audiences.

Choice B is incorrect because there is no discussion of “hostile” or “aggressive” reactions from critics; some people were shocked but there is no hint that they attacked Lewis. Choice C is incorrect because there is no indication of how Lewis affected other artists or artwork, only how audiences reacted to her unusual treatment of certain subjects. Choice D is incorrect because a “touchstone” is a “standard for judgement.” There is no indication that people in the 20^th century judged other artwork based on Lewis’s style; the passage implies that many in the 20^th century forgot or ignored her work.

4

Content: transitions

Choice D is the best answer because the sentence is introducing a new topic for the new paragraph, and no additional words are needed to make the idea clear.

Choice A is incorrect because “meanwhile” is used to show that one thing happens at the same time as another thing. However, the paragraph is starting with a new idea that is not simultaneous with other things discussed in the passage. In Choice B, “however” is used to show a contrast or unexpected point, but the paragraph is supporting the thesis presented in the first paragraph. In Choice C, “consequently” is used to show the result of a previous series of actions, but Forever Free is not a result but an illustration of Lewis’s important works.

5

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice B is the best answer because “taking its title from the text of that document” is a modifier that describes the subject, Forever Free. “Depicts” is the main verb of the clause and agrees with that subject.

Choice A is incorrect because “reacting to the news of the abolition of slavery” cannot stand on its own because it does not have a subject and verb. Choice C is incorrect because “depicting” is not an active verb, so the sentence is left without a main clause. Choice D is incorrect because “taking its title from the text of that document” cannot stand on its own as a sentence.

6

Content: addition and deletion

Choice C is the best answer because the entire paragraph is about Forever Free and the way Lewis conveyed her ideas through potent symbolism. The added sentence, on the other hand, refers to the broader picture of other artworks produced at the same time. Therefore, it should not be included because that topic is not developed at all in the paragraph.

Choices A and B are incorrect because the added sentence should not be included. The sentence does not add any “necessary context” or “background required for understanding” as suggested in Choice A, and it does not matter whether other artists used the same theme for their art. Choice D is incorrect because more “specificity” or “detail” would only diverge further from the main point of the paragraph.

7

Content: punctuation

Choice A is the best answer because the semicolon after “prayer” correctly divides the two independent clauses that describe the people in the statue. The commas after “her” and “chains” divide the two descriptive phrases that explain the position of the arms of the man. These descriptive phrases are not necessary for the understanding of the main clause “a man stands beside her,” so should be separated with commas.

Choice B is incorrect because the comma after “prayer” forms a comma splice between two independent clauses. In addition, a semicolon needs to divide two independent clauses, but the portion following “chains” is not a complete idea with subject and verb. Choices C and D are incorrect because a colon should follow a main clause and add explanation about that clause, but in both Choices C and D, the information after the colon is new and does not make the previous idea more understandable.

8

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice C is the best answer because the underlined portion is what happened to the statue in Boston in 1869. Choice C refers to the first time a work of art is revealed to the public. It accurately indicates that the first time Forever Free was shown in Boston there was a lot of publicity and a reporter made the quoted statement.

None of the other choices correctly show what happened to the statue in Boston in 1869. Choice A refers to telling or showing something that was supposed to be kept secret. Choice B refers to uncovering something, typically a body part by removing clothing. Choice D refers to revealing secret information.

9

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice B is the best answer because the present tense is used when writing about the features of a work of art that still exists. This standard convention is also used in “disrupts,” so the verbs in the sentence are parallel. The underlined portion is plural to agree with the subject “many features.”

Choice A is incorrect because, though it is a present-tense verb, it is singular, so does not agree with the subject “many features.” Choice C is incorrect because it is past tense, but the features still convey neoclassical principles. Choice D is a conditional tense which shows a possibility that did not happen, so does not describe the way a sculpture actually looks.

10

Content: transitions

Choice A is the best answer because the previous sentence is about the realistic features of the statue that “disrupt this harmony” of neoclassical symmetry. Choice A ties that idea in by explaining why the features were used: they adopted a “frank” or “honest” image of death. It also introduces the following idea about why people were “shocked and riveted” upon seeing it.

None of the other choices adequately ties in the previous idea of the unusual features of the statue or explain why crowds were shocked when the statue was first exhibited. Choice B says the crowds were large, but does not indicate why they felt the way they did. Choice C does not relate to the first exhibition at all; it introduces the unrelated detail of where the statue now is kept. Choice D adds an irrelevant detail about transportation rather than addresses the features or impact of the statue.

11

Content: style and tone

Choice C is the best answer because it precisely shows that some of the statues still exist. The neutral word is in keeping with the style and tone established by the rest of the informational passage.

Choices A and B can be eliminated as too casual. They are used in conversation but are not appropriate in a formal essay. Choice D is imprecise. “Eluded” refers to a deliberate attempt to avoid an obstacle, but the statues themselves did not try to remain intact.

12

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice C is the best answer because the main claim of the passage is that most data is “depicted visually in graphs and charts,” but that sonification has a variety of uses. The following paragraph gives a simple example for reference: a heart-rate monitor. The passage discusses problems with coming up with standards, but points out that there are many practical uses such as listening to computer networks for malfunctions or teaching students. Choice C introduces this thesis by saying that sonification “deserves consideration” or “should be regarded as a possibility” for displaying some types of information.

Choice A is incorrect because it brings up a detail about one group who developed sonification that is not expanded on in the rest of the passage. Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not delve into who should “fund” or “pay for” sonification research. Choice D is incorrect because there is no discussion in the passage of making music with sonification.

13

Content: punctuation

Choice D is the best answer because “one simple example of sonification” is the subject of the sentence; all the parts are essential to know what is being discussed, so they should not be divided with any punctuation. “Is” is the verb and “the heart-rate monitor” is the object, and no punctuation should separate these elements of a sentence.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they contain unnecessary punctuation. In Choice A, a colon should only follow an independent clause. For Choices A and C, no punctuation should divide the object from its verb. For Choice B, the comma after “example” divides the essential descriptive parts of the noun from each other.

14

Content: addition and deletion

Choice C is the best answer because the paragraph is giving a specific example of sonification and how it can be used to monitor something such as a person’s heartbeat. The added sentence says that some people have low heart rates, but does not tie that information to the rest of the passage by explaining how that is differently portrayed by sonification. Therefore, the added sentence is not relevant to the main topic.

Choices A and B are incorrect because the added information should not be included. It does not reinforce the previous sentence’s claim about changes in rhythm as described in Choice A, and it does not transition to the discussion of complex data as described in Choice B because it does not deal with any data at all. Choice D is incorrect because including the factors related to a resting heart rate would deviate further from the main point of the use of sonification.

15

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice B is the best answer because “by converting…” is a prepositional phrase that explains the way that the verb “analyzed” was done. No punctuation is needed in this portion of the sentence.

Choice A is incorrect because the portion after the period is a prepositional phrase that cannot stand on its own as a sentence. Choice C is a comma splice between two independent clauses. Choice D is incorrect because a semicolon should connect two independent clauses and the following portion cannot stand on its own.

16

Content: misplaced modifier

Choice C is the best answer because “by listening to the patterns” is an action done by David Worrall. When such a modifier is placed at the beginning of a sentence, it needs to be directly followed by the word it refers to. In Choice C, the first word of the main clause is “he,” a pronoun that refers to Worrall.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because “by listening to the patterns” illogically refers to something other than Worrall. In Choice A it refers to “one of his findings,” in Choice B it refers to “malfunctions,” and in Choice D it refers to the generic “it.”

17

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice B is the best answer because “to lead up to” is a standard idiom that indicates that the preceding noun includes the things that precede the following object in chronological order. That idiom fits the context of saying that the telltale pattern was something that happened before a malfunction.

None of the other choices fit the context. Choice A is not standard usage. Choice C refers to something that is winning at a given point during an event. Choice D shows that the previous noun is the person in charge, but the patterns are not in charge of the malfunctions.

18

Content: style and tone

Choice A is the best answer because it means “not difficult,” so precisely shows that it is not difficult to see how sonification can help. Choice A is a neutral word that maintains the style of the rest of the passage.

Choices B and C can be eliminated as too casual. They are fine in conversation but not in a formal piece of writing. Choice D can mean “easy” in some contexts such as sports, but it contains a negative undertone of superficiality or lack of attention to detail.

19

Content: pronouns

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion refers to the industries mentioned in the start of the sentence: airlines, online sales companies, and banks. Choice D is a plural object that can be used to refer to three or more different things.

Choices A and B are incorrect because they are singular, so cannot be used to refer to all three industries mentioned at the start of the sentence. Choice C includes “both,” which specifically refers to two different things. However, the examples at the start of the sentence contains three different industries.

20

Content: transitions

Choice B is the best answer because the previous paragraph is about the way sonification might be used to monitor network events and malfunctions. Choice B concisely summarizes that topic as “data analysis.”

Choice A is incorrect because the previous paragraph does not mention computer graphics technology at all. Choice C is incorrect because there is no indication that sonification is now “popular” or “well liked” by scientists in general; the passage only describes a few people that currently use it. Choice D is incorrect because the previous paragraph is about large industries, but not necessarily ones that are “struggling financially” or “have money problems.” Sonification is apparently effective for many thriving industries to monitor complex networks.

21

Content: transitions

Choice D is the best answer because it is a transition used to introduce the summary of an argument. It fits the context of transitioning from different ways that sonification can be used to the general claim that it can be useful for analyzing data in a variety of situations.

None of the other choices effectively join the previous example of using sonification to the following conclusion about sonification applications. Choice A is used to introduce another item in a series. Choice B introduces the opposite point of view or situation. Choice C is used to show a result or consequence of a particular situation.

22

Content: sentence combination

Choice A is the best answer because “that” concisely eliminates repetition of “this research method” and turns the second sentence into a relative clause describing the research method.

Choice B is incorrect because it needlessly complicates the idea with a vague term “those things” and places the relevant information “findings” into an aside that just adds detail to the main clause. Choice C is ambiguous because the final “it” could refer to “efficacy,” “sonification,” or “utility” as well as “research method.” Choice D has the same problem as Choice C with the pronoun “it.” In addition, the inverted sentence structure makes the sentence unnecessarily long and hard to understand.

23-44 questions For complete explanation, please consult sathelper888@gmail.com

For complete explanation, please consult mysathelper@gmail.com

1

Content: punctuation

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion is part of a list containing types of people that has increasingly emerged in recent years. The items in a list divided by “and” should have a comma after each item, but not the “and.” The three items are “independent inventors,” “designers,” and “craftspeople,” so there needs to be a comma after “designers.”

All of the other choices are not standard punctuation for items in a list joined by “and.” Choices A and D place a comma after the “and.” Choice A does not have a comma after “designers” to separate it from the rest of the ideas in the list. Choice C uses a semicolon, which is not consistent with the comma after “independent inventors.”

2

Content: addition and deletion

Choice A is the best answer because “makerspaces” is not a standard term, as indicated by the quotation marks surrounding it. Therefore, a definition should be included so that the reader knows exactly what is being discussed. Since the entire passage revolves around the need for makerspaces in libraries, it is essential to know what the term means.

Choice B is incorrect because the definition of the term “makerspaces” does not show why they are “in high demand” or “greatly wanted.” Choices C and D are incorrect because the revision should be made to the sentence. For Choice C, the information is not given in the preceding sentence, and for Choice D, the type of project undertaken is not necessary at this point of the passage.

3

Content: style and tone

Choice C is the best answer because it professionally and clearly conveys the author’s intended message that libraries are perfect places to put makerspaces.

Choices A and B can be eliminated because they use rather casual, idiomatic phrases that are not consistent with the neutral, informative tone of the rest of the passage. Choice D is not as precise and rather lengthy compared to the concise wording of the rest of the passage. Although libraries are very appropriate for makerspaces, they are not necessarily “unsurpassed” or “better than all others” in becoming such a space.

4

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice A is the best answer because the passage is about “empowering” or “giving control” to people so they can pursue their goals. Since libraries are supposed to be “community centers that promote access to knowledge and resources,” creating makerspaces is a good way to fulfill the mission of promoting such access.

Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not describe other library facilities as going obsolete or needing to be replaced. They can be “relevant” or “meaningful” without makerspaces; the latter just adds one more way to help patrons. Choice C is incorrect because the attitude of librarians, or the people who work at libraries, is not discussed. Choice D is incorrect because the passage is not discussing ways to attract more patrons, just offer fuller services to ones who are already in the community.

5

Content: parallelism

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined section is a portion of a list of the “array of tools” included at the FabLab. Items in a list joined by “and” need to be the same grammatical structure. The other items are materials for “arts” and “crafts.” Choice D is consistent because “building and repairing machines” acts as another noun.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as not parallel with “arts” and “crafts.” Choice A repeats “materials for,” which is common at the start of the list and not repeated in “crafts.” Choice B is an infinitive verb rather than a gerund. Choice C repeats “for,” which is not used with “crafts.” “Also” is also not necessary because it has the same meaning as “as well as…and.”

6

Content: transitions

Choice D is the best answer because the previous sentence gives a specific example of one patron and the resources that she is able to use at FabLab. Choice D bridges to the next discussion of workshops and events using the phrase “in addition,” meaning “as well as” the resources that FabLab provides.

Choice A is incorrect because it provides a loosely related detail about FabLab rather than tying in the idea of Rivka Jacobs and the tools she uses. Choice B describes the funding for FabLab rather than linking the following idea to the previous discussion of one patron. Choice C introduces a topic not developed in the passage at all.

7

Content: transitions

Choice A is the best answer because the information that follows is that “the contents and configuration of makerspaces can be tailored to the needs of individual communities;” the paragraph focuses on this topic by giving a specific example of a creative way a makerspace was incorporated into a library in Indiana. Choice A introduces the idea well because it highlights the “versatility” or “flexibility” of makerspaces.

Choice B is incorrect because it highlights the “expense” or “money involved” in adding a makerspace, rather than showing how one can be “tailored” or “changed” to fit a community’s needs. Choice C is incorrect because it refers to popularity rather than ability to change. Choice D brings up the undiscussed topic of people who do not use the makerspaces rather than focusing on people who do.

8

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion refers to what the library did to the main building to be able to incorporate a makerspace. Choice B refers to making partial changes to something, so explains that the library needed alterations but did not have to be completely rebuilt.

Choice A refers to correcting a disease or problem. The library, however, did not have a problem, it was just altered to add more features. Choice C refers to making corrections to written matter. Choice D refers to fixing something that was wrong.

9

Content: subject-verb agreement

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion is a verb that needs to go with the singular noun “educational programming.” Choice B is the only singular verb choice.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are plural verbs that do not agree with “educational programming.”

10

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice D is the best answer because the first part of the sentence “because the primary…to the public” is a dependent clause, so it needs to be followed by a comma and independent clause. Choice D follows this structure.

Choice A is incorrect because “so” subordinates the following portion, leaving the sentence without a main clause. Choice B is redundant because “therefore” has the same meaning as “because.” Choice C is incorrect because the first portion, “because the primary…to the public,” cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence.

11

Content: pronouns

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion should agree with the plural “the creators of the future.” Those are the people that need resources. Choice B is a plural pronoun.

Choice A is singular, so does not agree with the plural “the creators of the future.” Choices C and D are plural, but incorporate the reader and writer in Choice C and the reader in Choice D. Therefore, they do not describe “the creators of the future” as it is used to refer to people other than the author and reader.

12

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice A is the best answer because the passage is about how Preservation Hall was created in the 1950s to hold informal jazz jam sessions featuring traditional jazz rather than modern types of music. The sessions helped the musicians survive and the venue gained popularity, so soon it developed into a regular nightly show. The passage ends by discussing the role of the hall in offering stable jobs to musicians over the years and keeping jazz alive.

Choice B is incorrect because the focus of the passage is not attracting tourists but maintaining a tradition of jazz concerts alive. Choice C is incorrect because it only refers to one family rather than the important effect on New Orleans jazz in general. Choice D is incorrect because, although the Jaffe family originally was from Philadelphia, that is not the main focus of the passage.

13

Content: parallelism

Choice C is the best answer because the underlined portion is part of a list of things that Preservation Hall does not have. The other items in the list are “no air conditioning” and “no food or drink.” Items in a list joined by “and” need to have the same grammatical structure, and Choice C is a noun preceded by “no” just like the other items.

Choices A and B can be eliminated because they are not parallel with the other items in the list of things that the theater does not have. Choice D is incorrect because the underlined portion is not a complete sentence, so should not begin with a capital “and.” Furthermore, a semicolon should divide two independent clauses, but neither the preceding nor following parts can stand on its own as a sentence.

14

Content: transitions

Choice D is the best answer because it means “despite the preceding things.” The preceding sentence describes negative aspects of the hall; it doesn’t have many amenities such as air conditioning or soft seats. The following sentence explains that over two million people have attended concerts there. Choice D transitions between these two ideas because it shows that the people came despite the lack of comforts.

None of the other choices effectively show the relationship between the sentences. Choice A is used to emphasize a previous claim, but the fact that 2 million people contrasts with the hardships the audience suffer. Choice B is used to introduce a logical conclusion of the previous claim. Choice C is used to add more details on the same theme.

15

Content: possession and possessive pronouns

Choice C is the best answer because the “doors” belongs to “Preservation Hall.” Choice C is a singular possessive pronoun that correctly establishes this relationship.

Choice A does not indicate possession of the doors; it is a contraction for “it is.” Choice B is a word that shows location rather than a possessive pronoun. Choice D is a plural possessive, so appears to refer to the listeners. However, the listeners do not have doors, the building does.

16

Content: sentence combination

Choice D is the best answer because it concisely turns “founder of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival” into an appositive that describes “George Wein.” The relationship between all the parts of the sentence is very clear.

Choice A needlessly adds a pronoun, “he,” and extra words to describe the preceding noun. Choice B is harder to follow because the long title is given before the name, and added words are needed to make the connection clear. Choice C divides the clause “George Wein says,” making it harder to determine the relationship between the parts of the sentence.

17

Content: style and tone

Choice C is the best answer because it uses neutral words to show that there were many jazz musicians who were not young. The style and tone are in keeping with the rest of the passage.

Choices A and D can be eliminated because they are too casual. “Lots of” and “tons of” are acceptable in speech, but are not as appropriate in formal writing. Choice B is not as precise. A “plethora” refers to a large amount, but includes the undertone of excess or too much. “Maturing” means “getting older,” so does not necessarily mean that the person is very old; a baby is maturing into a young child, for example.

18

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice A is the best answer because “grow in popularity” is an idiom that means that something gets more popular. “Grow in” is followed by a word that shows what is becoming larger or greater.

Choice B is incorrect because “for” introduces the purpose of growing something, such as “growing for food.” Choice C is not standard usage with “grow.” Choice D is incorrect because it should be followed by a method of growing or a location.

19

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice C is the best answer because a semicolon is used to join two related ideas that are complete independent clauses.

Choice A is incorrect because “being” is not an active verb, so the portion following the period cannot stand on its own as a sentence. Choice B is also incorrect because “being” is not active, and the portion following a semicolon needs to be an independent clause. Choice D is incorrect because it is a run-on between two independent clauses with no words or punctuation to subordinate one of them.

20

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice B is the best answer because the tense of the sentence is from the past continuing into the present; the act of passing on seats has occurred “over the years.” Choice B shows this relationship because it is a present perfect verb used to show an action that started in the past still continues.

Choice A is a present tense verb, so does not indicate that the action of passing on seats occurred in the past as well. Choice C is a future tense that is used to describe something that has not yet happened, but musicians have done the act of passing for years now. Choice D is a conditional tense used to show something that might have happened but did not, so does not describe an action which really happened.

21

Content: logical sequence

Choice A is the best answer because the paragraph is presented in chronological order, meaning in time from the past to the present. Sentence 5 describes the most recent action in the story, Ben Jaffe taking over from his parents and running the theater to this time.

Choices B and C illogically mix up the time sequence by placing a later event before earlier ones. Sentence 1 deals with the start of the Jaffe’s management of Preservation Hall, which happened in 1961. Therefore, it comes earlier in time sequence than Ben’s start in 1993. Choice D may appear more ambiguous because sentence 4 also refers to something that is still happening in the present. However, the beginning of the action of older musicians passing on their seats happened earlier than Ben’s start in 1993; he is continuing the tradition that began earlier than his promotion. The chronological order is most logical with sentence 5 where it is; Ben’s quote also provides a fitting conclusion to the paragraph because it refers to the “chairs” of the previous musicians.

22

Content: style and tone

Choice B is the best answer because the first example in the sentence, “it is still a single room with worn floorboards,” is illustrating the claim that “Preservation Hall has not changed much over the years.” Choice B gives another example of a way in which the appearance of the hall has not changed.

All of the other choices are incorrect because they describe changes rather than giving a second example of something that has remained the same over the years. Choice A refers to a fee, whereas it was possible to enter by donation at the start. Choice C refers to more diversity, and Choice D refers to a change in crowd size.

23

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice C is the best answer because the sentence is referring to the past, “in the twentieth century.” Choice C fits this context because it is the simple past.

Choice A is used to refer to something that started in the past but is still continuing. The twentieth century is over and the passage is describing that time, so the action described is over. Choice B is a future tense that is used to describe something that has not yet happened. Choice D is incorrect because it is a present tense used to describe something happening now. Though some people may think that longevity of service is a hallmark of a successful career, the passage specifically is describing the past viewpoint of people in the twentieth century.

24

Content: precision and concision

Choice C is the best answer because it concisely explains what applicants are referred to as “job-hoppers.”

Choices A and B can be eliminated as redundant. In Choice A, “jobs” has the same meaning as “positions.” In Choice B, “over a relatively brief time” repeats the same idea as “after a few months or a couple of years” in the main sentence. Choice D is incorrect because without any modifier to explain what applicants are called “job-hoppers,” it appears that employers looked down on all applicants after a few years.

25

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice D is the best answer because “the results of a 2014 survey” can be simplified to the plural subject “results.” The verb should be in the present tense to agree with the present tense of the paragraph, as seen in “attitudes…are evolving” and “Job hopping simply doesn’t carry….” Universal scientific truths tend to be given in the present tense, and the results still indicate the same thing about attitudes.

Choices A and B are incorrect because they are singular verbs that do not agree with the plural subject “results.” Choice C is incorrect because it is a progressive tense that is used to show that a specific action is occurring at the same time as another action. There is nothing else happening in the sentence, however.

26

Content: graphics

Choice C is the best answer because the paragraph is trying to prove the point that “attitudes toward job-hopping are evolving.” The first half of the sentence indicates the preferences of older respondents, that a large percent think a person should stay in a job at least five years. Choice C offers an accurate and relevant contrast by showing that very few younger respondents felt the same way.

Choice A is incorrect because respondents born in the years 1982 to 2002 are shown by the gray bars. The gray column for “one year or less” is on the left of the chart; that column reaches 26%, which is closer to one fourth than one half. Choice B is incorrect because the chart says that 26% of respondents born between 1946 and 1964 say people should stay at least one year or less before finding a new job; it does not say that they “should not” stay more than five years. In fact, the column on the right indicates that 41% said that people should stay for over 5 years. Choice D offers accurate information from the chart, but it does not highlight the point that views are changing. Instead, it only reinforces the older group’s conviction that people should not job-hop.

27

Content: graphics

Choice C is the best answer because the question is asking for data about people who feel that “workers should only be expected to stay in a job for a year or less before looking for a new position.” The “one year or less” columns are on the left of the chart. People born between 1946 and 1964 are given as a black column, and people born between 1982 and 2002 are given as a gray column. Choice C accurately shows the percentage for the younger demographic, the gray column.

Choice A is incorrect because 26, not 13, percent of the younger demographic thought people should work less than a year before moving to a new job. 13 percent is the statistic for “more than 5 years.” Choice B is incorrect because 14 percent of the older demographic, not the younger demographic, thought people should work for less than a year. Choice D is incorrect because 41 percent is the number for the older demographic who felt people should work over 5 years, not under 1 year.

28-44 questions For complete explanation, please consult sathelper888@gmail.com

1

Choice A is the best answer because the first paragraph introduces the idea of “the generations replacing and replenishing each other” (lines 8-9), with each generation containing the same sorts of people. This concept is “expanded upon” or “extended” the following paragraphs, which speculates about the the type of young person who is most similar to the narrator and the type of older person that the narrator may become in the future.

Choice B is incorrect because the narrator only gives his own “perspective” or “view” of the race; there are no “competing” or “alternate” views. Choice C is incorrect because there is no “tragic outcome” or “sad end” in the passage. Choice D is incorrect because “unreliable” refers to something that cannot be trusted, but there is no indication that the narrator’s thoughts are not accurate.

2

Choice B is the best answer because the second sentence says that the race was where “we mingled with who we had been and who we would be” (lines 2-3). The imagery of “we” referring to past and present is emphasized by the choice of “our echoes” (line 3) to refer to other people that resemble each other. Those people included in “we” are further described in the claim that “you moved closer to the person who was waiting for you to catch up and some younger version of yourself elbowed you out of the way” (lines 10-13). “We” describes the past and future “counterparts” or “equivalents” of the residents.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no reference to people who are dead, only people who are similar to each other. Choice C is incorrect because “emotional and rational” distinguish between passionate and logical thought processes, but the paragraph only makes the distinction between generations, not thoughts within one person. Choice D is incorrect because the paragraph highlights the similarities between people attending the race, not people who are far away.

3

Choice D is the best answer because “making a determined effort” refers to trying very hard. The narrator feels that the boy will react to the “discouraging” or “depressing” situation of losing the race by making an effort: “he’d give it a good try. Like he always did” (line 21).

None of the other choices are supported by evidence from the passage. He does not “befriend” or “become close to” the competitors; he “turned from his friends” (line 68) after the race. Choice B is incorrect because the narrator expects the boy to try rather than avoid “responsibilities” or “duties.” For Choice C, there is no discussion of getting help or not.

4

Choice B is the best answer because “self-assurance” refers to having confidence in oneself. Choice B supports the idea that the narrator feels confidence leads to success because it describes the person who “pulled out in front” or “ran in first place” as the boy who was the “most put-together kid,” meaning the boy who was comfortable with himself, and “the one who knew how to move through the world,” meaning the boy who was confident in handling all different situations.

Choice A only says that the boys ran down the street; it doesn’t refer to who will “have success” or “win.” Choice C is incorrect because it only names the winner; it does not explain that the winner had “self-assurance.” Choice D is incorrect because it describes the appearance of someone who makes a mistake. Choice D does not refer to people who are confident, nor does it describe what it takes to win.

5

Choice C is the best answer because the third paragraph starts with a question that establishes its purpose: the narrator wants to answer the question” And who was I replacing?” (line 22). He looks around and sees different people and wonders if he will eventually be like them. He has doubts he can grow into a self-assured person (lines 35-38, “or I was…at peace”), and is afraid he’ll be someone deserving of pity (lines 39-42, “maybe I saw…turn out”). In other words, he is “uncertain” or “not sure” about the type of person he might become.

Choice A is incorrect because the narrator does not show “frustration” or “anger” that his elders are “predictable” or “do expected things.” Instead, he wonders which type of person he will become. Choice B is incorrect because the narrator does not show curiosity as much as he shows concern. There is also no indication that the change to an adult is a “choice;” instead, it appears to be destined to happen no matter what he tried to do. Choice D is incorrect because the narrator is not “alarmed” or “concerned” about “obligations” or “responsibilities.” Instead, he is alarmed that he might turn into certain types of people.

6

Choice C is the best answer because “first of my line” is one option for the narrator to become. That option is paraphrased as “the mutant strain” (line 35). Choice C refers to a “type” or “variety,” so fits the context of saying that the narrator might be the first person of his particular type to exist in that community.

None of the other choices reflects the idea of a “mutant strain.” Choice A refers to a route or course of action. Choice B refers to a physical raised band or area. Choice D refers to a career rather than a sort of person.

7

Choice D is the best answer because the narrator describes the road as a place where “they finally put some asphalt down and then people started retiring out here, staying past Labor Day and through the winter. It wasn’t their summer place anymore. It was their home” (lines 51-55). Therefore, people used to only stay for the summer season and left before Labor Day, but over time, people retired there. It was their “permanent” or “unchanging” home.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no evidence that the population has “declined” or “gotten smaller.” Choice B is incorrect because there is no hint that local children disliked the place. Choice C is incorrect because the passage implies that there has always been one race each year; there is no indication of the situation with other athletic competitions.

8

Choice A is the best answer because the passage indicates that people have an “affinity, stuff you share in common and things you seek out in other people” (lines 77-78) that is stronger than “the accident that your houses are close together” (line 76). However, the narrator also says that the affinity or connection might not be easy to understand “immediately” or “at once”: “you didn’t understand that secret undertow until one day after years and years of talking” (lines 79-81).

Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not say that people “benefit most” or “receive the most good things” when they have “allegiance” or “loyalty” to a community. People could benefit for other reasons as well. Choice C is incorrect because the narrator says that people start friendships with an “affinity” or “fondness,” not “wariness” or “doubt” about each other. Choice D is incorrect because the narrator indicates that people can change traits rather than “endure” or “last” the same way; otherwise, the narrator would know what kind of adult he would be rather than wondering if he could change more than he could imagine possible (line 37, “I didn’t believe I could grow into that one day”).

9

Choice C is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that individuals are connected to each other in ways they may not immediately understand. Choice C illustrates this theme because it says that people are “drawn together” or “connected,” but that the reasons are not understood until suddenly a key story “lays it all out” or “makes it all clear.”

Choice A is incorrect because it describes some archetypal people in the community, but does not say how they are related to each other. Choice B is incorrect because it only describes the changes in the road and that people live there all year long. Choice D is incorrect because it says that people will understand something, but does not say that people are connected in ways they cannot understand at first.

10

Choice B is the best answer because “intuitive insight” refers to something you feel but do not logically think about or reason out, and “active awareness” refers to something you directly think about. The lines stress both types of knowledge because they describe the active awareness of the connection, “we’re more alike than I knew” (lines 84-85). This active awareness is contrasted with the “intuitive” or “felt” knowledge that “of course you did know” (line 85), meaning that you knew all along without thinking.

Choice A is incorrect because “detached analysis” refers to an evaluation without any emotional attachment, but the sentences refer to the emotional feeling of knowing you were alike. In addition, “biased” refers to something that is prejudiced or distorted, but there is no indication of a distorted view of the situation. Choice C is incorrect because the knowledge in the sentence is all personal, not “public” or “available for anyone to see.” Choice B is incorrect because the sentence is not comparing “overused” or “trite” ideas with “original” or “new” ideas. Instead, the sentence is naming something familiar but not often described.

11

Choice A is the best answer because Washington begins the passage by stating his main point: “observe good faith and justice toward all nations” (lines 1-2). He then “articulates” or “describes” the principles he feels the country should take: fulfill obligations and avoid getting too involved.

Choice B is incorrect because Washington does not “trace” or “discuss” the history leading up to a cultural attitude. He describes his own views of how the country should interact with other nations. Choice C is incorrect because there is no indication of a “criticism” or “complaint” that he is “responding to” or “answering.” Choice D is incorrect because Washington is not “urging” or “trying to convince” anyone to learn more. He is just saying what he feels should be done with regard to other nations.

12

Choice A is the best answer because “enjoin this conduct” is what is done by “religion and morality” (line 3) and “good policy” (line 4). “This conduct” is described in lines 2-3: “Cultivate peace and harmony with all.” Choice A means “to state as a rule,” so fits the context of saying that religion, morality, and good policy all consider cultivating peace to be an important rule to follow.

None of the other choices fits the context of showing what religion, morality, and good policy do to cultivating peace. Choice B refers to telling about a possible future problem, not a good thing that should be done. Choice C refers to preventing or stopping something, but peace should be pursued rather than stopped. Choice D refers to protecting something, but the act of cultivating peace is not being attacked.

13

Choice C is the best answer because “congeniality” means “being agreeable or pleasant,” and “dispassionate” means “without emotion.” Washington urges that the US avoid “inveterate antipathies against particular nations and passionate attachments for others” (lines 19-21); in other words, he thinks that the US should not strongly hate or feel too close to other countries. Instead, the US should have “just and amicable feelings toward all” (line 22), meaning fair and friendly attitudes towards others.

None of the other choices are supported by evidence from the passage. Choice A refers to “imitation” or “copying” others, which is not discussed. Choice B includes “competition,” but nations do not need to “compete” or “strive to be better” than others. Choice D means to be straightforward and open, but Washington does not say that the US needs to reveal everything to others.

14

Choice B is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that the US should use dispassionate congeniality when dealing with other nations. Choice B directly supports that claim because Washington says to avoid emotional responses such as “inveterate antipathies” and “passionate attachments,” so he feels relations should be “dispassionate” or “involving little emotion.” Furthermore, Choice B says that the proper stance should be “just and amicable feelings toward all,” which means maintaining a “congenial” or “friendly” attitude.

Choice A is incorrect because it says that Washington’s plan is good, but does not explain what the plan is. Choice C is incorrect because it warns that the US should be cautious and try to avoid “foreign influence” or “controls from outside the country.” It does not say the US should use dispassionate congeniality. Choice D is incorrect because it says that the US should fulfill its engagements, but does not address the emotional involvement necessary in doing so.

15

Choice A is the best answer because “common interest” is something that does not exist, but that is an “illusion” (line 36) that is created by “sympathy for the favorite nation” (line 35). Choice A refers to something that is possessed by all members in a group, so correctly fits the context of explaining that the “interests” or “goals” of the countries appear to be shared, but really each country has its own goals.

None of the other choices explains what kinds of “interests” or “goals” are created when there is “sympathy for the favorite nation.” Choice B refers to something friendly, but the interests or goals themselves are not friendly. Choice C refers to something that is found over a wide area, but the interests are not necessarily abundant. Choice D refers to something average rather than something that all parties have.

16

Choice D is the best answer because “cultivate more favorable relationships” refers to being friendlier with some nations than others. Washington says that the result of such interactions is that the US would be “drawn into conflicts” or “pulled into arguments” that are “otherwise unnecessary” or “have no other reason to happen”: the US would enter “a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification” (lines 39-41). In other words, there would be no “inducement” or “reason” to enter the wars except for biased relationships with different countries.

Choice A is incorrect because Washington does not say that good relationships with some countries will hurt the commercial relationships. He just cautions against entering commercial relationships with too many conditions attached. Choice B is incorrect because Washington does not say that there will be “fragmentation” or “breaking apart” within the US, only breakdowns with relationships with other countries. Choice C is incorrect because, while Washington warns about foreign influence, he does not specifically caution that countries that are friendly will try to change US policy. Instead, he says that they might pull the US into their own wars and problems.

17

Choice C is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that the US could be drawn into conflicts that were otherwise unnecessary if it cultivates more favorable relationships with some nations than with others. Choice C supports that claim because it says that if there are “sympathies” or “preference” for some nations, then the US might become involved in “quarrels and wars” that do not have “adequate inducement or justification,” meaning that the quarrels and wars are not entered for sufficient reasons.

Choice A is incorrect because it only says that the US should be “just” or “honest” with all nations. It does not show what would happen if the US is biased towards one country more than another. Choice B says that a nation which has preferences is “a slave,” but does not support that claim in any way. Therefore, Choice B does not show that preferences could lead to unnecessary wars or conflicts. Choice D is incorrect because it says that the US should be impartial, but does not explain why.

18

Choice B is the best answer because the parenthetical statement “conjures” or “asks” the audience, whom Washington appeals to as “fellow-citizens,” to believe him. He includes this statement to “engage” or “involve” the audience on a personal level so they pay more attention to what he is saying.

Choice A is incorrect because Washington is not “qualifying” or “adding limitations” to his argument; he is asking the listeners to believe him. Choice C is incorrect because there is no “evidence” or “proof” in the aside, just an emotional appeal. Choice D is incorrect because there is no “possible outcome” or “potential result” in the aside. No solution or conclusion is included in the parenthetical remark.

19

Choice B is the best answer because the final sentence is the brief command to stop at this point. That command refers to the previous sentence, “so far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith” (lines 63-65). In other words, the US should fulfill “engagements” or “obligations” that have already been formed, but do no more than that.

Choice A is incorrect because the previous statement does not refer to helping other countries or not; it refers to “good faith” or “honest” fulfillment of agreements that have been made. That fulfillment does not depend on how the agreement affects the US “welfare” or “well-being.” Choice C is incorrect because Washington is not commenting about the structure of his speech; he is commenting on the statement in the previous sentence. Choice D is incorrect because Washington repeatedly urges not to get too involved with other nations, so he is not changing his stance and urging the US to “assist its allies” or “help its friends” if they are in a war or other conflict.

20

Choice C is the best answer because Washington ends the passage by saying “the great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible” (lines 60-63). In other words, the “most desirable economic policy” or “best commercial relations” is to “abstain” or “avoid” political agreements or connections.

Choice A is incorrect because Washington does not say that wealth needs to grow quickly, only avoid foreign influence. Choice B is incorrect because Washington urges for no attachments with other countries, so would not promote the formation of allies or favoritism towards one country over another (lines 35-41, “sympathy for…or justification”). Choice D is incorrect because Washington does not discuss what products should be sold.

21

Choice A is the best answer because “engagements” refers to what “we have already formed” (lines 63-64) with other countries that need to “be fulfilled with perfect good faith” (lines 64-65) or “honored.” The paragraph is discussing “commercial relations” (lines 61-62) with other countries. Choice A refers to contracts or other negotiations, so fits the context of saying that the US should honor all contracts.

None of the other choices describes what needs to be honored that has already been formed with other countries. Choice B refers to unexpectedly meeting someone, so does not involve any obligation that needs to be fulfilled. Choice C refers to a problem or bad situation, but the country does not deliberately form bad situations. Choice D refers to methods of protection. Though it may be implied that the US should protect itself, it does not need to protect other countries in commercial relations.

22

Choice C is the best answer because the author proposes the explanation that “some of the pinniped-eating killer whales expanded their diets to include sea otters as the dwindling numbers of pinnipeds were no longer able to sustain them” (lines 43-46). The author admits that the possibility seems unlikely (lines 1-3, “initially, it seemed…time period”). However, the author shows that the theory is “feasible” or “possible” under unlikely conditions such as “fewer than four killer whales feeding solely on sea otters could have eaten all of the 40,000 sea otters” (lines 7-8). Other “extreme-case scenarios” (line 71) are outlined to show that “some intermediate possibility could have caused the sea lion population decline” (lines 72-73).

Choice A is incorrect because only one criticism, that the hypothesis required too many killer whales to be valid (lines 1-3, “initially, it seemed…time period”), is given. “Various” or “several” criticisms are not mentioned. Choice B is incorrect because the author does not “recreate” or “do again” any other studies. The “comprehensive” or “fuller” understanding or is a result of comparing data from different studies to find trends. Choice D is incorrect because only one explanation, a decline caused by killer whales, is given. There are not “competing” or “opposing” explanations. Furthermore, the evidence provided all supports the author’s theory; there is no evidence that is “not taken into account” or “not explained.”

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1

Content: punctuation

Choice B is the best answer because when single words are joined in a list by “and,” there should be a comma separating each item. The items in this list are three types of knowledge that Andrews uses to make projections: “mathematics,” “statistics,” and “economics.”

Choices A and D are incorrect because semicolons should only be used to divide items in a list when the items are complex and contain commas. Choice C is incorrect because there is no comma after “mathematics” to show where one item in the list ends and the next starts.

2

Content: punctuation

Choice A is the best answer because the underlined portion is the object of the verb “distinguished,” and “in the field…” is a prepositional phrase that explains what the distinction was for. Without the prepositional phrase, the reader is missing vital information for understanding the limitations of the distinction, so it is considered an essential part of the sentence. No punctuation should divide such a phrase from the main clause.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they include punctuation that divides a prepositional phrase from the verb it modifies. In particular, Choice D is incorrect because a semicolon should divide two independent clauses and the following portion is not a clause.

3

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice C is the best answer because the passage talks about the various positions that Andrews held and what problems she solved in those positions, such as developing a food safety program for the USDA. Andrews is used as an example to explain what an actuary is. Choice C introduces her different career moves and why she made them by grouping them into the general category of finding solutions to real problems.

The other choices can all be eliminated because they give only one example of the tasks an actuary does. They do not introduce the following sentence of explaining what “drew” or “attracted” Andrews to the career choice of actuary. They also do not introduce the wide range of projects which are discussed in the passage.

4

Content: misplaced modifier

Choice B is the best answer because the first portion of the sentence, “after doing stints…a bank” describes Andrews. A modifier at the start of the sentence needs to be directly followed by the noun it refers to. Choice B does so because it starts with the pronoun “she” to indicate Andrews.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because the modifier illogically refers to something other than Andrews. In Choice A, it refers to the USDA, in Choice C it refers to predictive analytics, and in Choice D it refers to the opportunity to use analytics.

5

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice B is the best answer because the main idea of the following paragraph is the work that Andrews did at the USDA in setting up the PHIS. The PHIS is described as a way to analyze inspection data, enhance safety of inspections, share data, and alert about anomalies. This paragraph is well introduced by Choice C, which describes the purpose of the PHIS: it helps make sure food is safe.

Choice A is incorrect because Andrews did not study how the USDA uses analytics; she used analytics to create a program for them. Choices C and D are incorrect because they refer to tasks that were not part of Andrews’s work at the USDA.

6

Content: subject-verb agreement

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion is the verb section of a relative clause starting with “that.” The clause refers to the prior noun, the PHIS, which is a singular “system.” Choice D agrees with the subject because it contains singular verbs.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are plural verbs, so do not agree with the singular noun, “PHIS.” Confirmation of the plurality can be found in the next sentence, “PHIS provides….”

7

Content: style and tone

Choice A is the best answer because it professionally shows that PHIS observes what happens at the food-production facilities. Choice A maintains the neutral tone established by the rest of the passage.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are too casual for the context. They are appropriate for conversations between friends but not a written text. Furthermore, the meanings are not as precise. Choice B refers to staring at something rather than noting progress. Choice C refers to suddenly seeing something rather than careful observation. Choice D refers to determining whether a claim is true or not.

8

Content: sentence combination

Choice D is the best answer because it concisely combines the sentences to show that Andrews stopped working at the USDA after launching PHIS; she then worked for the insurance industry.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as redundant. It is reasonable to assume that in order to return to the insurance industry, Andrews left her position at the USDA. Therefore, “left” in Choice A, “stopped working at USDA” in Choice B, and “left her work on that program at USDA” in Choice C are all unnecessary. Furthermore, “working again” in Choice B is indicated in the idea that she returned to a job in the insurance industry.

9

Content: style and tone

Choice A is the best answer because it is a specific activity that is a “contribution” or “a role that helps something advance.” Choice A shows Andrews helped the insurance industry by helping other actuaries learn about predictive analytics.

All of the other choices describe Andrews, but they do not show a contribution she made. Choice B only says she sees opportunities or chances for people to do well in different fields. It does not show how she helps those people advance. Choice C refers to her education. Choice D says she changes her approach for different clients, but does not give an example that shows how she helped any of the clients.

10

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice A is the best answer because the sentence is referring to something that may occur in the future, so the future tense should be used to show that the possibility has not yet happened. The phrase “it’s not possible to know” shows that the situation being described has not yet occurred.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they do not fit the context of describing predictive analytics in the future. Choice B is a past tense verb and Choice C is a present tense verb, but if the sentence were referring to something in the past or happening now, it would be “possible to know.” Choice D is used to show something that happened in the past before something else in the past, so should not be used when the other verb in the sentence “increases,” is present tense.

11

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice D is the best answer because the entire passage describes Andrews and her contributions to predictive analytics. Choice D refers back to Andrews’s work and strengthens its value by indicating that because of her work, predictive analytics may become more widespread as an actuarial tool.

Choice A is incorrect because it only refers to a minor detail of the passage; it emphasizes a loss because Andrews no longer works for a place that she made a big contribution. The fact that she no longer works for the USDA does not make sense as a reason that predictive analytics may become more widespread as an actuarial tool. Choice B is incorrect because it is too general. It does not refer to Andrews and her contributions, so does not summarize the main idea of the passage. Choice C is not something brought up in the passage at all; the passage discusses Andrew helping various industries, but never says that consumers need to understand predictive analytics.

12

Content: transitions

Choice B is the best answer because the quote is questioning whether anything is left to preserve as holy, meaning that the critic feels that certain books should not be altered in any way. Choice B introduces that claim by establishing a contrast with the previous idea that some people think that mash-ups are a good way to engage younger readers: other people do not like the idea at all. Choice B, therefore, highlights the difference between the two ways of thinking about the books.

Choices A and C are incorrect because they refer to the previous claim rather than introducing the following idea. They do not prepare the reader for a transition to a critical view. Choice D is incorrect because, not only does not offer a positive view of the novel, it also relates to a topic, financial success, that is not discussed in the paragraph.

13

Content: precision and concision

Choice B is the best answer because it provides all the information necessary to understand the author’s message: it shows that readers may understand the original texts better if they read a mash-up.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as redundant. The “literary predecessors” are the books that were used as models for the mash-ups, so that phrase has the same meaning as “the classic original texts” in Choice A. In Choice C, “predecessors” means “came before,” so both phrases are not needed. Choice D is incorrect because “used as models” repeats the following idea of “on which they are based.”

14

Content: possession and possessive pronouns

Choice C is the best answer because “expectation” is something that belongs to one family, that of Elizabeth Bennet. An apostrophe and “s” after “family” correctly indicate possession by a singular family.

Choice A is incorrect because “families” is a plural noun that does not show possession. Choice B is incorrect because “families’” is the possessive form of more than one family, but Elizabeth Bennet has only one family. Choice D is incorrect because “expectation” doesn’t own anything so should not have an apostrophe of possession.

15

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice A is the best answer because the underlined portion is referring to the content of a novel. The content of a book is considered something that exists now and is unchanging, so is referred to in the present tense. In addition, the paragraph is in the present tense, as indicated by “the mash-up represents,” so the present tense maintains the established pattern.

Choices B and C can be eliminated because they are past tense verbs that do not agree with the present tense of the paragraph. Choice D is a future tense verb, so does not describe the content of a book that exists now.

16

Content: pronouns

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion refers to Elizabeth, who is cast as a zombie hunter in the book. Choice B shows this relationship because it is a pronoun used for a woman.

Choice A can be eliminated because it is not used to describe a person. Choice C is incorrect because it is plural, so does not describe Elizabeth. Choice D is incorrect because without a pronoun, the mash-up makes a zombie hunter in general, but does not specify who or what that zombie hunter is. As a result, the reader does not know why a zombie hunter represents Elizabeth’s intellectual strength and refusal to submit to customs.

17

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice D is the best answer because the paragraph gives two different examples of people who feel that mash-ups can be used in teaching. The paragraph refers to Caughey, who uses mash-ups to teach about genre conventions, and Cordell, who uses mash-ups as a creative fiction exercise. Choice D explains the way these two examples are related.

Choice A is incorrect because the paragraph is not about published authors or the fun of writing them, it is about teachers who use mash-ups in the classroom. Choice B is incorrect because the paragraph does not delve into disrespect; it only deals with positive aspects of the genre. Choice C is incorrect because the paragraph does not discuss why students are “attracted to” or “interested in” reading mash-ups, only that some students learn about them in classes.

18

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice C is the best answer because it refers to giving reasons and examples in support of a theory. It fits the context of saying that Caughey offers reasons supporting his idea that reading a mash-up can help students learn about genre conventions.

Choice A is incorrect because it refers to thinking about something carefully, but does not show that a conclusion is drawn. Choice B is incorrect because it refers to presenting one side of an argument in contrast to a different opinion on the subject, but there is no reference to a view that opposes Caughey’s. Choice D is incorrect because it refers to fighting or taking action against something bad rather than describing the points that support one’s own idea.

19

Content: punctuation

Choice A is the best answer because when two nouns are joined by “and,” they should be treated as a single noun related to the punctuation in the sentence. In this case, the underlined portion is the object of the verb “to uncover,” and the following portion is a prepositional phrase describing the similarities and differences, so no additional punctuation is needed. C

Choice B is incorrect because “in authors’ styles” is an essential qualification to describe what similarities and differences the writer is referring to, so it should not be divided from its noun with a comma. Choices C and D are incorrect because there should be no commas dividing two nouns joined by “and.” Therefore, there should be no comma before or after “and.”

20

Content: subject-verb agreement

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion is the verb that goes with the subject, “the sustained popularity of literary mash-ups with today’s readers.” Although that subject may appear plural, it can be simplified to the singular “popularity.” Choice B is the only singular answer choice.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are plural verbs that do not agree with the singular “popularity.”

21

Content: addition and deletion

Choice D is the best answer because the added sentence refers to a specific book that is not mentioned elsewhere in the passage. Although it is an example of a mash-up, it interrupts the flow of the conclusion, which is summarizing the main topic of why mash-ups can be useful for readers and are a valid genre.

Choices A and B are incorrect because the added sentence should not be included. It does not support the paragraph’s claims that mash-ups are more than a passing fad or help readers appreciate literature, so Choice A can be eliminated. For Choice B, it describes a specific work rather than “reiterating” or “restating” a claim about the genre. Choice C is incorrect because the example does not contradict any claims; the new information it contains just does not belong in the conclusion.

22

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice D is the best answer because it summarizes the argument that mash-ups have value for engaging readers, teaching about various literary genre, and inspiring creativity. Choice D summarizes these as “enlightening” or “giving knowledge.” The phrase “occasionally monstrous” maintains the slightly fun tone of the topic of mixed-up stories involving supernatural creatures.

Choice A is incorrect because the point of the passage is not to convince all writers to write mash-ups. The passage is trying to show that mash-ups have value on several levels. Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the research needed to create a mash-up, only what can be learned by studying them. Choice C is incorrect because “creating challenges” can be taken as a negative phrase meaning “to cause problems.” However, the passage is about how mash-ups help rather than hinder students.

23

Content: parallelism

Choice C is the best answer because the underlined portion is part of a list of “scholars and professionals in other fields” that geographers collaborate with. The rest of the list contains different groups of people, “sociologists,” “epidemiologists,” and “political scientists.” Therefore, the underlined portion should also be a type of person.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are not parallel with the other items in the list joined by “and.” Choice A changes the structure to use the generic “some.” Choice B adds “or,” which should not be included in a list with “and,” and Choice D lists the field rather than a practitioner in the field.

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1

Choice A is the best answer because in the lines, Mallarino finds three people reading the paper he writes for in “just an instant” (line 1), implying that it is so commonly read that it takes no time to find someone who sees his work. He then thinks that all of them “passed their eyes” (line 3) over his name and signature, meaning that they saw and recognized it without having to think about or read it, because “everyone knew the space where his cartoon had always been” (lines 7-8), in the “very center of the first page of opinion columns” (lines 8-9). Therefore, Mallarino assumes that anyone who looks at the easy-to-find paper knows his work. His work has a “wide reach” or “big audience.”

Choice B is incorrect because the lines do not show “pride” or “fulfilment” in how well he draws; they only say that everyone knows it. Choice C is incorrect because there is no contrast between the “effectiveness” or “success” of his cartoons compared to print articles. Both could have a wide impact. Choice D does not show that Mallarino feels people should spend more time “analyzing” or “studying” his art. He just assumes that everyone who looked at the paper saw or will see it.

2

Choice B is the best answer because “mythic place” refers to the opinion columns which Columbians read to find out more about public figures. This choice of words indicates that the opinion columns are “prominent” or “at the forefront” of the “consciousness” or “awareness” of everyone in the nation because they all check the pages for information they want to hear.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no indication that the newspaper “underestimates” or “values as less important” its popularity. It is possible that the newspaper well knows its influence. Choice C is incorrect because the passage indicates that Mallarino’s name and signature are printed, so it is presumable that authors of editorials also have their real names printed. There is no hint of “assumed” or “made-up” names. Choice D is incorrect because there is no evidence that editorials are less interesting; the passage implies that their influence has always existed and still exists.

3

Choice A is the best answer because the passage presents the irony of being invited to receive an award from “the very class he’d so attacked and hounded and scorned from his redoubt, mocked without consideration or respect for the ties of family or friendship” (lines 24-27). Since Choice A refers to a manner that boldly expresses judgements without pausing to evaluate the consequences, it aptly describes Mallarino’s aggressive assaults via his cartoons.

Choice B is incorrect because “gentle” refers to something that is kind and pleasant, so does not describe “scorn” or “attacks” against others. Choice C is incorrect because “objective” refers to a neutral stance, but the passage indicates that Mallarino was far from neutral in presenting a biased, sharp view. Choice D is incorrect because “flattering” refers to praising someone to achieve your own goal, and Mallarino did not praise anyone.

4

Choice D is the best answer because Mallarino thinks it odd that he has “attacked and hounded” (line 24) the government for years, and now “that very same political class” lines 28-29) to honor him. However, he “is skeptical” or “doubts” the ceremony’s sincerity, because he refers to it as a “public homage” (line 31) or “show” of “sycophancy” (line 30). Since “sycophancy” refers to doing something to gain an advantage for yourself, he thinks the honor is really to make the government look good rather than a real desire to show respect to Mallarino.

Choice A is incorrect because Mallarino and his publisher understand each other very well and do not disagree about his going to the awards ceremony. Choice B is incorrect because there is no evidence in the passage that he wanted “official” or “formal” recognition for his work at any time; he doubts that such recognition is genuine. Choice C is incorrect because Mallarino signs his work and includes his printed name (lines 3-7, “had already…a corner”), so it is not “anonymous” or “hiding who the author is.”

5

Choice C is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that Mallarino probably regards the government recognition with “skepticism” or “doubt” because he believes that the gesture is insincere. Choice C supports this claim because it shows that Mallarino recognizes that he blatantly attacked the government without hesitation, but now they are planning to honor him. He calls the process “sycophancy,” which refers to doing something to gain an advantage. Therefore, he thinks the honor is really to make the government look good rather than being a “serious tribute” or “genuine praise.”

None of the other choices support the idea that Mallarino regards the government recognition with skepticism because he believes that the gesture is insincere. Choice A shows that his work is widely recognized, but does not say anything about the tribute. Choice B says that Mallarino liked the power of his political cartoons, but does not say that he feels the government award is not genuine. Choice D shows the editor’s response to getting the message that Mallarino was to be honored; it does not show what Mallorino feels about the situation.

6

Choice B is the best answer because in line 43-45, Valencia the editor says that he thinks Mallorino would turn down the offer to go to the ceremony, and he guesses that the government went to him because they knew the same thing. He assumed that if the government assumed Mallorino would accept, they would have gone directly to Mallorino without contacting Valencia first.

There is no evidence in the passage to support any of the other choices. For Choice A, there is no discussion of what Mallorino might prefer or not. For Choice C, there is no hint that the government tried contacting Mallorino first. For Choice D, there is no hint that the government was “unwilling” or “hesitant” to contact regular people; presumably Valencia is also an ordinary citizen, though one with a good position.

7

Choice B is the best answer because “witnessed” is a verb that shows what Mallorino did to the object, “so many beautiful artifices” (line 74) since he was a boy. The “artifices” are the performances he saw, as confirmed in the phrase “from Marcel Marceau to Life is a Dream” (line 75). Choice B means “watched,” so fits the context of watching a play or other theatrical performance well.

None of the other choices adequately shows what Mallorino did to the performances. Choice A refers to identifying or accepting that something exists rather than just seeing it. Choice C refers to thinking back over something that occurred in the past. Though Mallorino remembers the performance, he was seeing rather than remembering them while they were on stage. Choice D refers to establishing the truth of something.

8

Choice C is the best answer because the passage says that Mallorino turned down the offer of transportation from the Ministry and decided to use his own car instead (lines 79-83, “he’d turned…Nineteenth”). The reason he did so was because he wanted to make a “gesture” (line 88) or symbol that despite the award, “he hadn’t lost a speck of his old independence” (lines 88-89). In other words, he takes his car to show he is not changing his methods or values.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no evidence that Mallorino wants to “enhance the reputation” or “improve the good name” of his newspaper. Choice B is incorrect because, while he is “nostalgic” or “has sentimental feelings,” that is not what he is trying to “demonstrate” or “prove” to other people. Choice D is incorrect because he assumes the Ministry is not serious, so does not expect any proof that it is.

9

Choice D is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that Mallorino accepts the Ministry’s honor partly to demonstrate that his attitude remains unchanged despite that award. Choice D supports that claim because it says that he walks to the venue specifically as a “gesture” or “sign” of the fact that he “hasn’t lost” or “still has” his independence, meaning he still has the same attitude.

None of the other choices support the idea that Mallorino wants to demonstrate that his attitude remains unchanged despite the award. Choice A only gives Valencia’s suggestion that a reason to accept the award is to help the newspaper; Mallorino rejects it. Choice B shows Mallorino’s interest in the location of the ceremony, but does not say why he accepts the award. Choice C only says Mallorino drives his own car. It does not explain why he chose to do so.

10

Choice B is the best answer because “spark” is what Mallorino wants to do to the “conversations” (line 87). He also wants to “make heads turn” (line 87) which means “make people stop and notice.” Choice B means to “trigger” or “start” something, so fits the context of saying that Mallorino wants to start conversations and make people pay attention to his arrival.

None of the other choices fits the context that Mallorino wants to start conversations with his appearance. Choice A refers to making an existing problem or condition worse. Choice C refers to adding light or clarifying something. Choice D refers to making something faster.

11

Choice B is the best answer because the question asks for evidence that shows that the inability to accurately estimate the persuasiveness of face-to-face requests holds true in a wide variety of contexts. Choice B says that people “misjudge” or “are inaccurate” about their estimates in many different cases ranging from borrowing cell phones to getting donation money.

Choice A is incorrect because it only says that people misjudge their accuracy for emails, but does not refer to face-to-face requests. Choice C explains the reason for the inaccuracy, but does not say that people are inaccurate in a wide variety of contexts. Choice D is incorrect because it explains why people do not refuse requests, but does not explain whether others expect this reaction or not.

12

Choice A is the best answer because in line 26, “account for” is what we don’t adequately do in regards to the “feelings of the person being asked” (lines 26-27). Because “we’re so focused on our own feelings of discomfort” (lines 24-25), we do not think carefully about what others feel. Choice A means “think about in a certain context,” so fits the discussion in the passage.

None of the other choices adequately explain what we don’t do regarding the other person’s feelings. Choice B means “to record in a factual or detailed way,” but we do not need to write down their feelings. Choice C means “to set aside for a certain purpose,” but we don’t set aside the feelings to use for another reason. Choice D means “to compare options” or “to stabilize,” neither of which happens to the emotions of the other person.

13

Choice C is the best answer because “found” is used in the context of saying what the researchers Roghanizad and Bohns determined in their studies. “Found” is followed by the conclusions that people misjudge persuasiveness in different contexts. Since Choice C means “determined” or “learn,” it aptly shows that the scientists learned the results of the studies.

Choice A means “to get,” so does not accurately describe coming to a conclusion. Choice B means “met unexpectedly,” but the scientists went through a deliberate process rather than happening upon the results by chance. Choice D refers to finding the place of something, so does not apply to an abstract concept.

14

Choice D is the best answer because lines 40-42 (“before…survey”) state that all requesters were given the same scripts. In other words, they used the same words. This detail shows that the researchers were avoiding the chance of creating a more convincing request by using more apt words.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no discussion about whether the requesters felt comfortable or not. It is possible that some requesters felt very nervous while others did not. Choice B is incorrect because it is not stated whether the requesters could select the strangers they approached or not. Choice C is incorrect because there is no discussion about the diversity of the students. They are all college students, but one of the conditions might have included more people from different social groups than the other.

15

Choice C is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that the first experiment was designed to eliminate the possibility that sone requesters made more convincing requests than others did. Choice C directly supports this conclusion because it says that the same script was used in all cases. That means that the requesters in one condition did not come up with better wording that influenced the results.

Choice A is incorrect because it only describes what students were asked to do. It does not say whether some students had a chance to create better wording for approaching the strangers. Choice B is incorrect because it only says who was approached; it does not say whether the students could vary their scripts or not. Choice D is incorrect because it does not relate to approaching the stranger at all; Choice D only explains an action that occurred before the survey began.

16

Choice A is the best answer because the introductory sentence summarizes the topic: “the results confirmed the researchers’ hypothesis” (line 43), and also outlines what the hypothesis was. The remainder of the paragraph gives statistics that support that claim.

Choice B is incorrect because the paragraph does not say the “degree” or “how much” the researchers “estimated” or guessed the participation would be. The paragraph just says that the researchers predicted that there would be a difference between what the surveyors thought and what really happened. Choice C is incorrect because the eighth paragraph only describes the findings; it does not “propose” or “give” any reasons for the findings. Choice D is incorrect because there is no mention of critics or people disagreeing with the hypothesis, so the paragraph is not “challenging” or “offering a response” to anyone.

17

Choice B is the best answer because lines 54-56 say that the “requesters approached strangers who had already agreed to complete a questionnaire.” The requesters were supposed to ask whether the strangers would do an additional proofreading task. After the strangers gave their response, they were to fill out the questionnaire containing questions “about why targets had said yes or no to completing the second task” (lines 65-67).

Choice A is incorrect because lines 54-56 (requesters …questionnaire”) show that the targets had already agreed to do the questionnaire. Choice C is opposite the actual order; requesters were to make predictions about target responses, so the predictions came first. The questionnaire came after the request. Choice D is incorrect because the questionnaire was about why the target said yes or no to the proofreading, so they could not fill out the questionnaire until they said yes or no.

18

Choice C is the best answer because the final paragraph states that “targets empathized with and trusted requesters more in the face-to-face condition compared to the email condition” (lines 76-77). In other words, interacting face-to-face helped generate “positive feelings” or “more trust and association with” the requester than an interaction that was less direct.

Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss “being sensitive” on the part of the requester; everyone was given the same script, so the studies did not measure the effect of careful wording or methods of approach. Choice B is incorrect because there is no discussion of combining the two methods of approach. The studies just reviewed the different reactions to one or the other. Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not compare the results of offering an “incentive” or “motivation” or not. The second survey involved people who were given an incentive of $1 for one task, but all targets were asked to do the second task for free. There was no comparison of getting money or not for the second task.

19

Choice A is the best answer because the data in figure 1 shows 1 target per requester complied with the survey for email requests, but that requesters expected over 5 people to comply. The actual number was probably lower because “targets feel awkward and uncomfortable saying no” (lines 28-29) in face-to-face interactions. Targets also empathized with and trusted requesters more in the face-to-face condition compared to the email condition” (lines 76-77). The logical corollary is that targets are more comfortable about refusing a request when they don’t see the person face to face.

Choice B is incorrect because there is no discussion of a second survey in the first task. Furthermore, if people did not want to take an additional survey, presumably both the face-to-face and email conditions would reflect that by having lower numbers of actual respondents, but the face-to-face condition does not. Choices C and D are incorrect because the actual umber of targets who complied was lower rather than higher than predicted: 1 target per requester complied with the survey for email requests, but that requesters expected over 5 people to comply.

20

Choice D is the best answer because in the second study, targets had already agreed to participate for $1 in a survey. They may have agreed to do more because they felt it was an acceptable part of the original agreement, or they may just be more agreeable in general. The targets in the first study were completely random and had not committed to any task.

Choice A is incorrect because the passage indicates that all the targets were unfamiliar to the requesters in both tasks. The targets are referred to as “strangers” (line 55), meaning that they were “unacquainted” or “did not know each other.” Choice B is incorrect because there is no indication that the participants in both studies were the same. Choice C is incorrect because none of the people in either study knew whether or not another task would be added, so they would respond the same way in both studies.

21

Choice C is the best answer because “direct” is an adjective that describes the “experience as a parent” (line 3). The previous sentence refers to becoming a better parent by “produc[ing] more and more offspring” (line 2). This style of experience is compared with that in the following description of “developmental factors” (line 5) such as when “individuals remain in their natal group” (line 8). Choice C refers to something that is gained through the original source, so aptly fits the context of comparing the experiences of an actual parent with those of an animal that just watches the parenting process.

None of the other choices aptly describes the “experience as a parent.” Choice A refers to something that happens quickly, so does not fit with more and more experience gained over time as more offspring are produced. Choice B refers to something that is accurate or precise rather than undergone in person. Choice D refers to something that is simple and easy to understand.

22

Choice A is the best answer because it gives a specific example of an observed situation in the wild which mice from a previous brood are still in the nest and able to help raise the younger mice. This is only “partial” or “incomplete” evidence because there is no indication that the scientists actually saw the helping behavior; they only noted that there was “ample” or “plenty” of opportunity for older siblings to help younger ones.

All of the other choices are incorrect because there is no discussion about whether helping behavior was found in any population of mice, only that Margulis wanted to determine if such behavior existed. The choices refer to various aspects of a controlled experiment. Even if helping behavior was observed, it would not show that such behavior was also found in wild populations.

23

Choice A is the best answer because the primary purpose of the passage is to discuss a specific factor, helping behavior by older siblings, that “influences” or “affects” the parenting success of mice. The first paragraph discusses the concept, and the second and third paragraphs describe the methodology and reasoning in setting up experiments to test whether parenting success in groups that learned helping behavior and groups that did not. Finally, the last paragraph summarizes the results of the experiments: “the developmental experience of being present when one’s mother raises a subsequent clutch of offspring has long-term consequences for parenting abilities” (lines 71-74).

Choice B is incorrect because the passage is not trying to “resolve a controversy” or “solve an argument.” There is no debate about whether a behavior is useful or not. The passage is just presenting an experiment that tries to confirm a hypothesis. Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not discuss “genetics” or “hereditary factors” that relate to parenting. The experiment studies the environmental factor of observing a mother raise babies. Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not say that parenting behaviors have changed.

24

Choice C is the best answer because the third paragraph starts by explaining why they chose certain mice for the experiment: they wanted to “avoid cause-and-effect problems” (line 36), so created the mice they needed. The paragraph describes the original zoo population and the way that “inexperienced” and “experienced” females were raised. Therefore, the function of the paragraph is to give details about how Margulis “created” or “made” mice that were appropriate for comparison.

Choice A is incorrect because the paragraph does not describe any “difficulties” or “problems” while “observing” or “watching” the mice. It only explains how female mice were raised for the experiment. Choice B is incorrect because the paragraph does not mention any earlier studies. Choice D is incorrect because the “significance” or “importance” of the “findings” or “results” is given in the final paragraph, not paragraph 3. Paragraph 3 only describes the mice used, not what was observed when those mice raised babies.

25

Choice A is the best answer because the question is asking for something that would “limit the scope” or “reduce the extent” of Margulis’s conclusions. Since Margulis concluded that “experience of being present when one’s mother raises a subsequent clutch of offspring has long-term consequences for parenting abilities” (lines 71-74), her claim might not apply to all groups of mice if ones in captivity have different parenting behaviors than ones in the wild. The wild mice might not benefit from the experience the way the captive ones did.

None of the other choices would affect the idea that being present when a mother raises babies helps a mouse become a better mother. Choice B is incorrect because no matter the father, the mother could gain experience by watching others. Choice C would support Margulis’s conclusion rather than weaken it because it shows that wild mice also could have a chance to watch a mother’s parenting behaviors with younger siblings. Choice D also support Margulis’s conclusion because it indicates that wild mice stay in the nest long enough for another brod to be raised.

26

Choice D is the best answer because “paternal parenting skill” refers to the experience of the father. Margulis’s team tried to eliminate “variations” or “differences” caused by the father’s ability by using inexperienced males in all cases (lines 57-59, “at the start…produced offspring”).

Choice A was not controlled in the experiment; it was a variable that was monitored. The team recorded survival rates over multiple broods. Choice B is incorrect because there is no differentiation between the gender of the offspring in the passage. If female offspring were more likely survive than males, the ratio should be the same despite parenting skills. Choice C is incorrect because the team wanted to see if the nest-building affected the survival rate, so did not control how the nests were built.

27

Choice B is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that the researchers tried to exclude the possibility that “paternal parenting skill,” meaning “the experience of the father,” caused “variations” or “differences” in brood survival. Choice B supports that claim because it shows that the same type of males, inexperienced ones, were used in all the experiments. That excludes the possibility that fathers with past experience affected the way the mothers raised the babies.

All of the other choices are incorrect because they only refer to the females used. They do not show that the males had the same level of experience, eliminating the possibility that the males’ skills would affect the outcome of the experiment.

28

Choice D is the best answer because “superior” refers to the “nest-building behavior” (line 69) of experienced females. That behavior was one reason that the experienced females had better brood survival rates. Choice D refers to something being successful in achieving a desired result, so aptly shows that the experienced females were more successful in getting the result of brood survival.

None of the other choices fits the context of describing the nest-building behavior. Choice A refers to opulence or expense rather than actual quality. Choice B refers to something that is very unique or exclusive. Choice C refers to something that is famous or commanding respect.

29

Choice B is the best answer because the points for experienced females are given as open circles joined by a solid line. The first brood is the point farthest to the left, which is between the numbers .8 and .9 on the y-axis. Therefore, the best answer is halfway between those numbers, .85.

None of the other choices reflect the data in the figure 1. Choices A and C do not correspond to any of the reported brood survival rates. Choice D is closer to the results for Brood 1 of inexperienced females, though the actual point is higher than halfway between .6 and .7.

30

Choice A is the best answer because figure 1 shows the general trend that over three broods, the survival rate increased for both experienced and inexperienced mice. This data gives the specific evidence of one type of mice to illustrate the general claim that mammals and birds tend to become better parents—they successfully raise more live offspring—as they have more babies.

Choice B is incorrect because it describes the behavior of older siblings remaining in the nest and helping raise younger siblings. However, the figure does not refer to helping behaviors or whether older siblings were present. Choice C is incorrect because it only says that Margulis was testing a theory. Figure 1 doesn’t show what the theory was or even who conducted the experiment. Choice D is incorrect because it only describes helping behavior among mice, and Figure 1 does not refer to mice remaining in the nest or not.

31

Choice A is the best answer because figure 2 shows the time elapsed before nest building started, meaning that it shows how long it took before the mice started building nests. Note that the y-axis is not to scale; the numbers vary so that they focus on number lower than .1. With this in mind, by 50 seconds, which is over the hatch mark between 0 and 100 on the x-axis, all but about .15, meaning 15%, of the mice had started building nests. That means that 85%, which is the “majority” or “largest amount,” started nests before 50 seconds.

Choice B is incorrect because the time it took to finish nests is not given in figure 2; only the time to start a nest is recorded. Choice C is incorrect because the survival rate of offspring is not mentioned in figure 2. Choice D is incorrect because figure 2 shows that after 400 seconds, the rates flattened out. However, the rate for inexperienced females (the black dots joined by dotted lines) was .05, meaning 5%, compared to the rate for experienced females (the circles joined by solid lines), which was just over .02 or 2%.

32

Choice C is the best answer because Forten is “rallying” or “encouraging” the audience through appealing to a common cause by calling them “my friends” (line 20). He urges them to continue fighting against slavery, “cease not to do as you are now doing” (line 49) despite any criticism. He reiterates the point many times, ending with the appeal, “flinch not from your high duty” (line 74).

Choice A is incorrect because Forten assumes that his audience already feels slavery is immoral or contrary to values; that is why they are currently fighting against it. Therefore, he is not trying to convince them on this point. Choice B is incorrect because Forten is not “outlining” or “listing” challenges in the struggle. He is telling his listeners to continue despite any challenges. Choice D is incorrect because he does not treat the audience as “skeptical” or “doubtful” about the Abolitionist cause. Furthermore, he is not trying to get people to use new tactics, only continue what they are doing now.

33

Choice B is the best answer because “economic consequences” refers to results that are related to money. Forten suggests that some Northerners are worried about resisting South Carolina’s request because they are more concerned about how their wealth will be affected. He calls them “votaries…at the shrine of mammon” (lines 14-15), meaning that they worship money over other things such as freedom. As a result, these people “have not courage enough” or “are afraid” (line 15) to “join the standard of patriotism” (lines 15-16), meaning “fight for justice.”

None of the other choices are supported by evidence from the passage. For Choice A, there is no hint that Northerners have “sympathy” or “deep emotional understanding” of the Southern claim; instead, they think slavery is wrong but are too worried about what might happen to fight for slavery. Choice C is incorrect because Forten is worried that granting the request will set a bad precedent, but that is not a reason that others want to grant the request. That is his reason for trying to stop it. Choice D is incorrect because there is no mention of people “distrusting” or “doubting” political leaders in the North.

34

Choice D is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that Northerner’s reaction to South Carolina’s request is partly motivated by economic consequences of resisting the request. In other words, they are worried about how refusing the request will affect themselves financially. Choice D supports that claim because in it, Forten claims that people are agreeing to the request because they are “votaries…at the shrine of mammon” (lines 14-15), meaning that they value money above all other considerations. Money rather than justice is what is influencing their decisions, so they do not “join the standard of patriotism” (lines 15-16) or resist the demand.

Choice A is incorrect because it only says that the request is horrible; Choice A does not explain why some Northerners react to the request the way they do. Choice B says that people are agreeing to the request, but it does not offer a reason why. Choice C indicates that the request is threatening everyone’s freedom, but it does not provide any indication that people agree to the request because they are afraid of financial consequences.

35

Choice A is the best answer because the word “settle” is used in the context of referring to what the South hopes the North will do with the issue of slavery: the South wants to “settle” or “find a solution” to the problem by itself. Choice A fits the context because it means “to find a solution.”

None of the other choices explains what the South wants to do with the issue of slavery. Choice B refers to moving to a certain place and living there, so does not fit the context of dealing with an issue. Choice C refers to offering evidence supporting a claim, but the South doesn’t want to show that the issue exists. Choice D refers to making concessions to come to an agreement, but the South doesn’t want to give up anything in its position. It wants the North to let it alone so it can do what it wants.

36

Choice B is the best answer because the words refer to truth and a love of mankind, but Forten “mocks” or “derides” the fact that the South has such qualities. “Honesty, I fear, has fled” (line 33) starts his complaint to show that he thinks that there is no truth. “sincerity…the wall” (lines 34-39) continue to show that values related to humanity, such as charity, benevolence, justice, and pity, are all missing from the South.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no indication that Forten feels that Southerners “recognize” or “accept” that slavery is “morally indefensible” or “complexly wrong.” Choice C is incorrect because the qualities refer to people in the South, not to Abolitionists fighting against slavery. Choice D is incorrect because he is not trying to “preemptively deflect” or “protect in advance” against any criticism that he might be biased against the South. He is very open in his outrage and claims that the South is not at all justified.

37

Choice C is the best answer because Forten says he is speaking because “I love the stars and stripes, emblems of our National Flag” (lines 25-26), which shows that he considers himself to be a “patriot” or “person strongly supporting his country.” His patriotism is part of the fight against “moral ruin” or “a breakdown in the code of right and wrong” in the country, because he doesn’t want to see the flag casting its shadow on slaves or stained by the blood of captives (lines 26-29).

Choice A is incorrect because Forten does not see the United States as “inherently corrupt” or “evil in a permanent and essential way.” He indicates that the basic ideas are good “the same that animated and inspired the heart of the writer of the Declaration of Independence” (lines 72-73) and that slavery can someday end. Choice B is incorrect because there is no indication that Forten views himself as frustrated by the pace of progress. He is inspiring his audience to persevere, however long it takes. Choice C is incorrect because there is no indication that Forten is a “clergyman” or “has religious office.” He does not “reject human law;” he argues that the basic rights and freedoms granted by human laws should not be given up just because the South asks the North to do so.

38

Choice B is the best answer because “personifies” refers to giving human traits to something inanimate. In lines 33-39, Forten indicates that traits flee, fall asleep, get lost, are sick, become injured or die. Intangible “virtues” or “good traits” cannot actually do these things, but such wording makes it clear that he feels the traits are all gone from the South.

Choice A is incorrect because, while the list contains criticisms of values that are missing, the purpose of the list is not to show ways the North has been harmed. Instead, the list shows the situation in the South. Choice C is incorrect because Forten does not repeat himself in that section; he lists one new problem after another. The list does not prove that Abolitionists are just, only that the South is not just. Choice D is incorrect because the comparison uses parallels between human virtues and actions, not between free people and slaves. The list also does not explain who has the virtues now; it only explains that the South does not.

39

Choice A is the best answer because Forten says that one “consequence” or “result” of agreeing to the Southern request is that “they will find you vulnerable in every other” (lines 42-43). In other words, the South will have an easier time taking advantage of the North if it gives in this time.

None of the other choices are supported by evidence from the passage. Choice B is incorrect because the governments in the South, not the North, would continue to eliminate freedoms. Choice C is incorrect because Forten does not say that slavery will be legal in the North, only that “you may then bid farewell to peace, order, and reform” (lines 45-46). Choice D is incorrect because there is no discussion of making new states.

40

Choice C is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that one result of agreeing to the Southern request is that the North would find it difficult to resist future demands from the South. Choice C paraphrases the idea by saying that by “yielding” (line 41) or “agreeing,” the North will be “vulnerable in every other” (lines 42-43) demand.

Choice A explains what the Southern request is, but does not explain any result of it. Choice B poses a question but does not answer whether it would be good to agree to the Southern demands. Choice D explains what will happen if nothing is done by the North. It does not explain what would happen if the North agrees to the demands.

41

Choice A is the best answer because Forten counters “well, what if you are?” (line 66) to counter the idea of being called a “fanatic.” He points out that fanaticism has “eloquence” (line 67) because it is like the inspiration of other famous people who fought for their causes (lines 70-73, “it contains…Independence”). He uses that comparison to urge Abolitionist to “flinch not from your high duty” (line 74), indicating that the Abolitionist cause is “just” or “right.”

Choice B is incorrect because Forten is not “exaggerating” or making the criticisms larger than they are. He writes them off in a tone of “don’t worry about them” because the cause is more important than the complaints about it. He does not say that the opponents are strong, only that the cause should be continued. Choice C is incorrect because Forten does not accept the criticisms, he says to ignore them. He does not propose a revised form of Abolitionism, he tells people to “cease not to do as you are now doing” (line 49). Choice D is incorrect because Forten only mentions one criticism, that Abolitionists are viewed as fanatics. Therefore, he does not say that criticisms contradict each other.

42

Choice A is the best answer because the image is that the South is sleeping over a volcano, a potentially deadly situation. Therefore, Forten is using the image to show that it is extremely dangerous not to continue warning the South about the problem. He wants the Abolitionists to be as eager to confront the problem of slavery as they would for confronting an impending natural disaster.

Choice B is incorrect because there is no indication that there is “growing opposition” or “increasing resistance” to South Carolina’s request. Instead, throughout the passage Forten indicates that the North is being extremely passive and does not seem to want to address the problem. Choice C is incorrect because the image is that the South is sleeping over the volcano, meaning that the South, not the North, is being complacent. Choice D is incorrect because the imagery is not showing the results of slavery, it is showing that the problem is an intense one that needs to be solved rather than ignored.

43

Choice D is the best answer because according to lines 17-19, “the normal resting place of peppered moths is not on tree trunks but in shaded areas under branches.”

None of the other choices are supported by evidence from the text. For Choice A, there is no comparison between preferences for trees darkened by pollution or not. Choice B is incorrect because the moths prefer resting “where colour differences would be muted” (lines 19-20). Therefore, the prefer lesser rather than more “obvious” or “clear” distinctions in color. Choice C is incorrect because according to lines 17-19, the moths do not rest on trunks.

44

Choice C is the best answer because Passage 1 gives several examples of why Kettlewell’s experiment did not reflect the actual patterns observed in nature. He placed moths on tree trunks where they do not normally rest, the “densities were unnatural” (line 26) and did not represent the usual numbers of moths per tree, and “the method of release was faulty” (line 30) because he had the moths fly during the day rather than at night.

None of the other choices are supported by evidence from the passage. Choice A is incorrect because the “generalizations” or “conclusions were wrong because of a poorly constructed experiment, not because the “sample was too small” or “included too few observations.” Choice B is incorrect because there is no reference to data from previous studies on the subject. Choice D is incorrect because there is no evidence that Kettlewell “manipulated” or “altered” the data to show what he wanted. He appears to have evaluated the data “objectively” or “without bias.” The problem is that the data did not reflect what actually happens in nature.

45

Choice B is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that Passage 1 suggests that Kettlewood’s data were influenced by the experimental conditions such that they were not “indicative” or “representative” of natural patterns. Choice B explains that Kettlewood unintentionally set up his experiment with too many moths so that he trained the birds to go to a certain place and eat, just as they would at a bird feeder. Choice B therefore shows that the conditions are not like those actually found in nature.

Choice A is incorrect because it says that the concept proposed by Kettlewood was false, but does not say the reason why his data was inaccurate. Choice C is incorrect because it only explains the natural behaviors of moths. It does not show how Kettlewood designed his experiment, so there is no proof that the experiment was inaccurate on this point. Choice D is incorrect because it only explains what Kettlewood did one morning to conduct the experiment. There is no evidence that in nature, moths also did not need warming up before they would be active at dawn.

46

Choice C is the best answer because those phrases refer to documents that are generally accepted to have the official or true version of scientific facts. Since Kettlewood’s conclusions were published in those documents, the facts were met with “widespread acceptance” or “general agreement” that they were correct. That view changed in the 1990s, but was believed until that point.

Choice A is incorrect because the phrases do not refer to what Kettlewood used to create his theory; they refer to the places his theory could be found written up. Choice B is incorrect because the phrases refer to what people used to feel about Kettlewood’s work, not about the prevailing theories now. Choice D is incorrect because there is no indication that Kettlewood’s theory replaced any other theories.

47

Choice B is the best answer because “when the woods were recovering from coal smoke pollution” (lines 45-46), Majerus determined that “the dark moths were essentially disappearing altogether” (lines 49-50). He set up an experiment to determine if that result was due to predation, and the result was indeed so (lines 69-73, “significantly more…the population”). His conclusion was that “visual predation” (line 81) made it easier for birds to see the darker moths.

Choice A is incorrect because predation was higher for dark moths than for light moths, which is why the ratio of dark moths decreased. Choice C is incorrect because there is no discussion of the total number of moths, only the “proportion” or “percent.” Choice D is incorrect because there is no discussion of the level of pollution; the fact that moths existed implies that there was a relatively stable population over the period of the study.

48

Choice D is the best answer because “product of natural selection” is what Kettlewood’s results had shown. In the context, “product” therefore refers to a consequence of natural selection. Choice D means “consequence,” so matches the description well.

None of the other choices aptly describes what part of natural selection was established by Kettlewood’s results. Choice A refers to a physical material rather than an abstract conclusion to a process. Choice B refers to a joining or union of different things rather than a result. Choice C refers to a raw material used in making goods.

49

Choice B is the best answer because Clarke says that one of the drawbacks to Kettlewood’s experiment was the placement of moths, since Kettlewood placed them on tree trunks, not under branches where they normally rest (lines 17-19, “the normal…under branches”). Majerus tried to compensate for this problem by putting the cages “on different parts of trees, in roughly the proportions that they used those locations in the wild” (lines 58-60). Clarke would “approve” or “agree with” this placement because it is much more representative of a natural situation than Kettlewood’s arrangement was.

Choice A is incorrect because there is no evidence that Clarke “doubted” or “did not believe” an experiment could be conducted that reproduced natural conditions. He just felt that Kettlewood’s experiment was lacking on that point. Choice C is incorrect because Clarke mentions the preferred resting places, so he knows that information is “confirmed” or “established.” Choice D is incorrect because, while Clarke did criticize Kettlewood, he would not be dissatisfied that a new experiment addressed the problem. He would agree that the cage placement was a good choice.

50

Choice D is the best answer because Passage 1 says that “the experimental densities were too high” (lines 21-22), meaning that there were too many moths in any given place. The passage continues with details saying that there were at least four moths per tree and each moth was replaced when eaten, so the local birds learned they could go to the experiment site to eat (lines 21-29, “in nature…local birds”). By contrast, Majerus tried to compensate for this problem by releasing only “one moth per cage” (line 64) and placing each cage in an area moths might be found in the wild (lines58-60, “the moths…the wild”).

Choice A is not mentioned in Passage 1. Majerus did try to make the ratio of moths similar to that in the wild, but there is no evidence about the ratios Kettlewood used. Choice B is incorrect because there is no discussion in either passage of birds adapting to moth color, only to going to a certain area to feed. Choice C is incorrect because Kettlewood placed the moths on the trunks. Therefore, he underestimated the importance of putting moths under the tree branches.

51

Choice C is the best answer because the answer to the previous question is that Majerus tried to avoid Kettlewood’s error of releasing too many moths during the observation period. This choice is best supported by lines 55-58, which directly say that Majerus tried to make an “improvement” or “do better” than Kettlewood on the issue of numbers of moths. He used “low densities” or “fewer moths per area” to better replicate natural conditions.

Choice A is incorrect because it only says that Majerus addressed many problems in Kettlewood’s experiment. It does not say what any of those problems were, though. Choice B is incorrect because it explains the results of Majerus’s observations of the forest, not the way he set up his experiment. Choice D explains how the moths were released, but does not address the question of whether Majerus corrected Kettlewood’s error of releasing too many moths.

52

Choice A is the best answer because the problem described in lines 32-35 is that moths usually rest during the day and fly at night, so if they are released at night, they would have just flown to the light traps rather than wait for the experiment to begin. Choice A explains Majerus’s solution to the problem: he kept the moths in cages so they could not fly into the light traps. He only released them just before dawn when the birds start to become active.

Choice B is incorrect because both scientists let the moths free during the day so they could observe predation by birds related to color choice. Choice C is incorrect because Passage 2 says that Majerus used both wild and lab-raised moths (lines 60-62, “although both…analyzed separately”). The moths were treated the same, but data was recorded separately. Choice D is incorrect because Majerus adjusted the numbers so the ratio was similar to that found in the wild, which means that there were more light than dark moths (lines 56-58, “the numbers…natural abundance.”)

1

Content: transitions

Choice A is the best answer because the previous idea is that snow may appear “inhospitable” or “unfriendly” to most life, but the following information explains that a “complex ecosystem” lives under the snow. Choice A bridges these two ideas well because it indicates that the appearance of something does not always reflect the way it really is.

Choice B is incorrect because scientists have confirmed that there is a complex ecosystem rather than a place that is not suitable for most things to live. Choice C is too limited because it only refers to plants, but the following information also mentions other organisms. Choice D is incorrect because it reinforces the previous idea that the environment is harsh rather than introducing the contrasting facts that many creatures thrive in a place that looks like they will not survive.

2

Content: precision and concision

Choice A is the best answer because it concisely and clearly provides all the information necessary to understand the sentence.

All of the other choices are overly wordy or redundant. In Choice B, “leading to the creation of” can be more concisely phrased as “creating,” since the “-ing” suffix indicates “leading to.” Choice C needlessly repeats the idea that melting causes the pockets of loose snow; that idea is given in the first half of the sentence. Choice D adds “one could call,” but it is obvious that people call the places pockets just by using the term.

3

Content: subject-verb agreement

Choice B is the best answer because it is singular and therefore agrees with the subject of the sentence, “the loose snow.” Snow is singular since it is uncountable.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are plural verbs, so do not agree with the singular subject “snow.”

4

Content: syntax

Choice B is the best answer because “to vary depending on” is an idiom which shows that the following is a factor that changes the subject. In this case, the idiom shows that the stability changes based on the factor of the type of land cover.

All the other choices can be eliminated because they are not standard usage of “depending” when it follows the verb “to vary.”

5

Content: graphics

Choice C is the best answer because the scale on the left-hand side (y-axis) for “Ambient” and “Subnivium” temperatures is different. “Ambient” has a range that varies from 0 to 20 degrees C, which means that the environments range from 10 degrees C for coniferous to about 17 degrees C for prairie. By contrast, the “Subnivium” has a range that varies from 0 to only 1.2 degrees C, which means that the environments range from 0.5 degrees C for coniferous to about 1 degree C for prairie. That is a significant difference, as summarized by Choice C.

None of the other choices correctly account for the difference in range on the graphs. The columns may be approximately the same size, but the value they represent is not.

6

Content: graphics

Choice D is the best answer because “ambient” refers to the top graph, and the daily temperature spread is given on the left-hand or y-axis of the graph. Since the sentence is referring to the example “on prairies,” the data is that in the far right-hand column, which reaches between the 15 and 20 degree marks on the axis. Choice D is between 15 and 20.

Choice A is incorrect because it is the average ambient temperature spread for coniferous, not prairie. Choice B is incorrect because it is closer to the average subnivium temperature spread for prairie. Choice C is incorrect because it is the difference in the highest and lowest average ambient temperatures given, meaning the difference between coniferous and prairie.

7

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice B is the best answer because a comma preceding “allowing” turns the following portion into a modifier that refers to the first portion of the sentence.

Choice A is incorrect because “Allowing…” is not a complete clause because there is no distinct subject and verb, so it cannot stand on its own as a sentence. Choice C is a comma splice between two independent clauses. Choice D is incorrect because a semicolon should divide two independent clauses, but the following portion cannot stand on its own.

8

Content: transitions

Choice D is the best answer because it is used to show that the following information is not what one would expect. The following sentence says that subnivean temperatures were lower inside the greenhouse than subnivean temperatures outside the greenhouse. That is unexpected because the previous sentence explains that the ambient temperatures inside the greenhouse were higher than outside. The expected result would be higher temperatures for all areas inside, not lower in some.

None of the other choices adequately establishes the relationship between the previous idea that the ambient temperature inside the greenhouse was warmer and the following idea that the subnivean temperature was lower. Choice A is used to highlight points that are alike, not differences. Choice B is used to introduce the result of a logical series of reasoning, but the following comes as a surprise. Choice C is used to introduce the last item in a series of related points or a sequence of actions, not two contrasting points.

9

Content: sentence combination

Choice B is the best answer because it concisely turns the second sentence into a relative clause that modifies the previous noun, snowpacks.

Choices A and B are incorrect because “they” is ambiguous. “They” appears to refer to to the subject of the sentence, warmer ambient temperatures. However, the warmer temperatures don’t have weaker insulating properties, the snowpacks do. Choice D creates a cause-and-effect relationship that is not present in the original sentences. The weaker insulating properties are a characteristic of denser snowpacks, not just a result of ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the repetition of the words “as a result” add to the redundancy of the final sentence.

10

Content: parallelism

Choice C is the best answer because “both…and” should join two ideas that are grammatically equivalent. In the sentence, the first item is a singular noun, “a rich ecological treasure.” Choice C is also a singular noun.

None of the other choices are parallel with “a rich ecological treasure.” Choices A and B are plural, so do not agree with the singular “a…treasure” or the subject and verb “the subnivean is.” Choice D is an adjective rather than a verb.

11

Content: punctuation

Choice A is the best answer because in the context, “that” acts as a conjunction that introduces a clause explaining a purpose or hope. The following portion is essential to the understanding of the sentence, because without it, the reader does not know why the scientists “are hopeful.” No punctuation should be used to separate essential portions of a sentence from each other.

All of the other choices add unnecessary commas. In addition to the commas, Choice B is wrong because a colon should follow an independent clause, but “that” is left hanging. Choice D is also wrong because a semicolon should divide two independent clauses, but the “that” makes the following portion dependent.

12

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice A is the best answer because a period divides two complete ideas from each other. The sections before and after the period can both stand on their own as sentences.

Choice B is a comma splice between two independent clauses, and Choice C is a run-on. Choice D is incorrect because a semicolon should divide two independent clauses, but the “and” makes the following portion dependent.

13

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice C is the best answer because the discussion that follows is that “interdisciplinary cooperation should be encouraged.” The passage details an experiment co-authored by Dr. Adamatzky that was a successful collaboration between archaeologists and biologists. That experiment is used to show why collaborations are valuable. Choice C introduces this discussion best because it gives the general idea of collaboration to solve problems, and that general idea is elaborated on in the rest of the passage.

Choice A is incorrect because it refers to scholars “within their own fields” rather than the main topic of collaboration across fields. Choice B is incorrect because it describes only the specific example of Dr. Adamatzky’s experiment rather than introducing the broader importance of such an experiment. Choice D is incorrect because it only refers to researchers at “universities in other countries,” eliminating the possibility of collaborating with researchers who may work in the same place but in different fields or who may not work in a university at all.

14

Content: punctuation

Choice B is the best answer because “though few” qualifies the size of the subject “collaborations between disparate fields.” There should be a comma before “though” and after “few” to separate this added detail from the main clause.

The other choices illogically divide the ideas in the sentence. Choice A turns the entire end portion “though few…successful” into a modifier and leaves the sentence without a verb. Choice C turns “have been successful” into a modifier, but leaves the first portion without a verb. Choice D has an independent clause, “few…successful.” However, the first portion does not make sense because “though” dangles after a noun.

15

Content: punctuation

Choice B is the best answer because “to” is used to introduce the purpose of the active verb, “consulted.” It shows that the scientists and biologists were consulted for the purpose of making a model of the systems. Since that portion is essential for understanding the idea of the sentence, it should not be divided using any punctuation.

All of the other choices include unnecessary punctuation that interrupts the connection between the verb “consulted” and the reason for the consultation.

16

Content: transitions

Choice A is the best answer because the previous paragraph refers to the properties of slime mold and the goal of the experiment. The following paragraph refers to the way the experiment was conducted. Choice A provides a logical transition because it warns the reader that the following will be the method used to “conduct” or “do” the experiment described earlier.

Choice B is incorrect because it only says that the team was “eager” or “excited” to work together. The reader has no idea what will follow from such a statement. Choice C is incorrect because “despite” makes it appear that having only one mold was a problem. However, one mold was selected for certain purposes that are described in a positive way in the following paragraph. Choice D is incorrect because the group was not studying the “construction” or “method of building” the roads; the group was trying to map possible locations of roads in the “vast systems” of Roman roads.

17

Content: precision and concision

Choice D is the best answer because it concisely provides all the information needed to understand the author’s point: the path was as simple or direct as it could be.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as redundant. In Choices A and C, “direct” and “straightforward” have the same meaning. In Choice B, “the mold” is repeated. Also, “could” shows possibility, so the word “possible” is not needed.

18

Content: addition and deletion

Choice C is the best answer because the underlined sentence refers to a small detail about the first placement of the mold. It does not really matter where the mold growth started; the important consideration is that the paths the mold made matched the paths of actual Roman roads. The order of growth could have been different and the results would have been the same. Therefore, the information is not “relevant” or “necessary” for the flow of the passage.

Choices A and B are incorrect because the underlined sentence distracts from the passage’s focus on collaboration, so should be eliminated. It does not help explain the sequence of events, and it can be presumed that the research team had “comprehensive” or “very detailed” knowledge of their subject. Choice D is incorrect because the underlined sentence does not “contradict” or “go against” any information. It is just unnecessary.

19

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice A is the best answer because the underlined portion is a verb that explains what the team did regarding the idea that archaeologists could use slime mold to find excavation sites. Choice A refers to making a hypothesis or good guess, so it shows that the idea of using the mold was an educated guess.

Although the other words refer to thinking, they do not contain the same idea of an educated guess. Choice B is incorrect because it refers to assuming something without any basis in fact. Choices C and D refer to thinking hard about something, but not necessarily to arriving at a conclusion about it.

20

Content: tense, mood, and voice

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion is describing an effect of the object of the first clause “improvements in computer simulations of transportation networks.” That effect has not yet happened, but may occur in the future. The simple present can be used to describe actions in the future, so Choice D best fits the context.

Choice A is incorrect because “have helped” shows an action which occurred in the past up to the present. Choice B is incorrect because “will have helped” shows an action that will occur in the future before another action, but no additional action is mentioned in the sentence that will come after the helping. Choice C is incorrect because “is helping” is used to show an ongoing action that is happening now, but the improved computer simulations are not yet made, so they are not currently helping other things yet.

21

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice B is the best answer because the information that follows include “impediments” or “obstacles” to research: limited funding sources and few guidelines. Therefore, Choice B best introduces this information because “yet” warns that there is a restriction or problem with what has been discussed, so transitions from the positive results of the previous paragraphs. Choice B also clearly explains what will be covered in the following paragraph, “impediments.”

Choice A is incorrect because it only focuses on the success of collaboration, so does not warn the reader that the following sentence is going to bring up problems. Choice C is incorrect because the obstacles in the following paragraph are not exclusive to the slime mold project, they are problems for any interdisciplinary collaboration. Choice D is incorrect because the following paragraph does not discuss “freedom in designing” or “ease in planning” future projects. Instead, the paragraph discussed problems that make it harder to design, such as having to figure out how responsibilities will be shared and how costs will be divided.

22

Content: parallelism

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion is part of a list joined by “or.” All the items in a list should have the same grammatical structure. In this list, the other items are all nouns: “responsibilities,” “data,” and “costs.” Choice D is also a noun, so fits the established pattern.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they do not have the same grammatical structure as the other nouns in the list.

23

Content: style and tone

Choice C is the best answer because the passage uses a professional but relatively neutral tone to describe Kim and her work. Choice C uses the term “master,” which concisely indicates that she was an expert. “Her craft” also neatly summarizes the variety of costumes described in the passage.

Choice A can be eliminated as too flowery compared to the rest of the text. It uses excessive words and praise, making it too complimentary and harder to follow. In Choice B, “soared aloft” is too vague. It does not necessarily imply that she was very talented, only that she was famous or recognized for what she did. Choice D can be eliminated as too casual. It is suitable for conversation but not a formal essay.

24

Content: addition and deletion

Choice D is the best answer because the paragraph introduces Kim, outlines her training and the fact that she moved to New York to create costumes for stage performances, and continues with a brief description of the costumes. The added sentence, on the other hand, refers to film and TV producers in Hollywood and New York. The added sentence, therefore, does not even relate to Kim’s chosen field, as it does not talk about costumes or the stage.

Choices A and B are incorrect because the added sentence should not be included in the passage. It does not give a reason for Kim to move because it relates to film and TV, not live theater, and the demographics of those industries are not necessary for learning about Kim’s costumes. Choice C is incorrect because information about the focus of the filmmaking industry is not given anywhere else in the passage.

25

Content: possession and possessive pronouns

Choice C is the best answer because the costumes were made for more than one performer. The possessive form of a plural noun ending in “s” is just the addition of an apostrophe at the end. Choice C shows that “bodies,” a plural noun, belongs to more than one performer.

Choice A is incorrect because “performer’s” is singular, implying that only one person used all of the garments Kim made. Choice A also contains the singular possessive form of “body,” but the body does not own anything. Choices B and D are incorrect because “bodies” does not own anything, but an apostrophe after the word indicates possession. Choice D is also incorrect because “performers” is a plural noun with no indication of possession, so it does not show that the bodies belong to the people.

26

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice B is the best answer because it is an adjective means “needless” or “excessive.” It fits the context of saying that the costumes should not cause needless discomfort.

None of the other choices fits the context of describing the amount of comfort of costumes Kim designed. Choice A is a verb that means “untie” or “unfasten.” Choice C is an adjective that means “too late.” Choice D is a verb that means “use too much.”

27

Content: words in context and conventional expressions

Choice A is the best answer because “suited to” is a phrasal verb that means “fits well.” It fits the context of describing costumes that are “impeccably” or “perfectly” made so that they fit the wearer extremely well.

All of the other choices are incorrect because they are not standard usage with “suited.”

28

Content: sentence combination

Choice A is the best answer because “creating” turns the following portion into a modifier that refers to the main clause. In this sentence, Kim’s inspiration included her act of making costumes that brought out movement.

Choice B is incorrect because “and” and “also” are redundant when used together. In Choices B and C, “and” makes the inspiration and creating costumes appear to be completely separate, not closely related. Choice D is redundant because “her inspiration” does not need to be repeated.

29

Content: transitions

Choice C is the best answer because the previous paragraph refers to how Kim designed costumes to maximize comfort and facilitate movement, whereas the following paragraph talks about a totally different aspect of the costumes, their endurance. Choice C sets up a contrast using “beyond,” to show that the following discussion is in addition to everything that was previously mentioned.

Choice A is incorrect because “because” shows a causal relationship that does not exist. The fact that the costumes emphasized movement was not the reason that they needed to last a long time. Choice B is incorrect because it does not refer to the previous paragraph at all, so creates an abrupt shift in topic. Furthermore, the end of the paragraph brings up the same detail that costumes may be used for a long time. Choice D is incorrect because it does not add any information to the passage. “Additionally” indicates that the following is another point, but there is no need to advise the reader to remember something.

30

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice D is the best answer because “in which” turns the following portion into a relative clause referring to the previous noun, “just a few days of filming.”

All of the other choices are incorrect because the pronoun describes the “case” without subordinating the clause. As a result, the following portion can stand on its own, so the resulting sentence is a comma splice.

31

Content: style and tone

Choice A is the best answer because the contrast is between the durability required for live performance costumes compared to the short life of costumes for movies or television. The previous sentence mentions the minimal wear of costumes for film. Choice A reinforces the intended contrast because it emphasizes the incredible number of times a costume might be used for a live performance.

None of the other choices refers to the amount of wear a costume for a live performance gets. Choice B is incorrect because it refers only to the speed of changing, Choice C only says person sometimes have to wear someone else’s costume. Choice D mentions that adjustments may be needed, but does not specify why.

32

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice C is the best answer because “while working on an off-Broadway play” is a time clause that explains when the action of the sentence occurs.

Choices A and B are incorrect because they turn the portion between commas into an independent clause, so create comma splices. Choice D is incorrect because “and” should join two grammatically equivalent elements. The following portion is a relative clause, but the preceding portion is not.

33

Content: introductions and conclusions

Choice C is the best answer because the passage is about how Kim designed costumes that emphasized the performers’ movements but that were able to endure the hard wear of movements and long performance runs. Choice C summarizes these ideas well, with “utility” describing the functional wear and “artistry” referring to the way she beautifully accented the performers’ movements.

Choice A is incorrect because it introduces awards that are not discussed elsewhere in the passage, while only referring to the “extent of her talents” without summarizing what those talents are. Choice B is incorrect because the paragraph refers to painting on costumes, but that is a single example illustrating her versatility and desire for functional costumes rather than a theme of the entire passage. The passage also does not emphasize her visual arts background, but Choice B emphasizes the connection between that background and painting rather than that background and her creativity in general. Choice D is incorrect because it only refers to costume design in general, so does not effectively summarize the passage about a specific person, Kim, and her contributions to the genre.

34

Content: parallelism

Choice C is the best answer because “and” should join two grammatically equivalent units. The section prior to the underlined portion is a relative clause starting with “that”: “that New York musicians were then experimenting with.” This clause refers to “other styles.” Choice C also creates a clause that describes the “other styles” of music.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because they are not parallel with the portion of the sentence prior to “and.”

35

Content: sentence combination

Choice A is the best answer because “featuring” concisely turns the following portion into a phrase describing the preceding noun, “songs.”

Choices B and D are redundant because there is no need to repeat “these songs” in a row when one ends the sentence and one starts the next sentence. Choice C is not standard usage; “with the featuring of” is not a conventional way to refer to the previous noun.

36

Content: precision and concision

Choice D is the best answer because it concisely provides all the information necessary to understand the author’s message that audiences enjoyed the music.

All of the other choices can be eliminated as redundant. In Choice A, an “audience” is a group of people attending an event, so “in attendance” is not needed. In Choices B and C, “captivated” and “entranced” have the same meaning.

37

Content: addition and deletion

Choice A is the best answer because the underlined portion explains that the listed instruments were “unusual” or “not common” in “orchestral arrangements” or “bands” at the time. The underlined portion therefore is useful in explaining to the reader why the instruments were “novel” or “unusual” as the author claims. Without the underlined portion, the reader may wonder why instruments which are common now were considered unusual.

Choice B is incorrect because the fact that the instruments were “unusual” does not describe their “rhythms” or “beats.” The underlined portion only indicates that they were not commonly found. Choices C and D can be eliminated because the underlined portion should be kept. For Choice C, the “aspect” or “feature” of the arrangements is explained: they are novel. For Choice D, the information in the following sentence makes sense because people were interested in the new sounds of the music.

38

Content: misplaced modifier

Choice D is the best answer because “seeking opportunities…wider audience” is an action that Europe does. A modifier like this at the beginning of the sentence should be directly followed by the noun it modifies, as in Choice D.

All of the other choices can be eliminated because “seeking opportunities…wider audience” refers to something other than Europe. In Choice A, it refers to the Clef Club. In Choice B, it refers to 1910. In Choice C, it refers to the help, not Europe himself.

39

Content: punctuation

Choice B is the best answer because the underlined portion is part of a list joined by “and” showing the actions of “this organization.” Each item in a list should be followed by a comma, so there should be a comma after “concerts.” “Crucially” is an adverb that acts as an aside for emphasis, so should be separated from the main clause with commas before and after it.

Items in a list of simple verb phrases that do not have commas within them should be divided by commas. In Choice A, the semicolon is not parallel with the commas after the first item, “provided rehearsal space.” Choices C and D are missing their commas after “concerts.” Choices A, C, and D are all incorrect because “crucially” is a comment for emphasis, so needs to be both preceded and followed by a comma.

40

Content: possession and possessive pronouns

Choice D is the best answer because the underlined portion refers to the singular noun “a jazz orchestra.” Choice D is a singular possessive pronoun, so shows that the following word, “conductor” belongs to the orchestra.

None of the other choices indicate possession. Choice A can be eliminated because it is a contraction for “it is.” Choice B is an adverb of place. Choice C is a contraction for “they are.”

41

Content: style and tone

Choice B is the best answer because the claim made by the sentence is that “concertgoers were thrilled by this new sound.” In other words, they were very excited by the music. Choice B emphasizes this claim because it says that the “applause,” which is clapping in appreciation, was a “tumult” or “very loud.” In other words, people clapped really loudly because they appreciated the music.

Choice A leaves an image to the reader’s mind, to does not reinforce the claim that the people were thrilled. An “effect” could be positive or negative. Choice C only says that the voices “augmented” or “complemented” the music. It does not say whether people liked the sound or not. Choice D claims that the sound was “unorthodox” or “unusual.” It does not explain that people enjoyed the effect.

42

Content: transitions

Choice C is the best answer because the information which follows is the claim that the concert brought recognition to the “nascent” or “new” art of jazz. Choice C emphasizes that this result was even more important than everything else that had been discussed about the concert.

Choice A is incorrect because “despite” implies that something happened without being affected by something else. However, the concert was a success partly because Europe was trying so hard to get jazz accepted. Choice B is incorrect because it can reasonably be presumed that the group practiced a lot. The fact of their practice is not the only reason the concert helped jazz. Choice D introduces unrelated performances rather than focusing on the effect of the concert.

43

Content: fragments and run-ons

Choice B is the best answer because “for this…genre” is a prepositional phrase giving the reason Schuller made his claim. The main clause is “jazz historian declared….” Choice B correctly divides these two parts with a comma.

Choice A is incorrect because the portion preceding the period is not a complete sentence with subject and verb, so cannot stand on its own. Choice C is incorrect because a semicolon should divide two independent clauses, but the first portion is not a clause. Choice D is incorrect because “and” should join two grammatically equivalent units, but the first portion is a prepositional phrase and the following portion is a clause.

44

Content: logical sequence

Choice C is the best answer because the added sentence introduces the idea of a Carnegie hall performance. That idea best fits at the start of Paragraph 4, which describes the effect that the audience heard and their reaction during the concert.

All of the other choices disrupt the logical flow of the passage. Choices A and B are incorrect because the added sentence refers to “Europe” and the Clef Club, so it should come after the first introduction of these things. Paragraph 1 brings up “Europe” and uses his full name for the first time, and Paragraph 3 brings up the formation of the Clef Club. Choice D is incorrect because Paragraph 4 describes the reaction of the audience to a specific concert as being unlike what the audience has heard before. That paragraph needs an explanation so readers know it is the Carnegie Hall concert; it does not make sense to say that there was a chance to have a concert after a discussion of the reaction to it.

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