以下内容摘选自《SAT语法笔记》，欲购买完整《SAT语法笔记》可发送邮件到bing.dream@gmail.com

1. 独立句，并列复合句，主从复合句

独立句： SVO.

并列复合句： 两个或多个SVO由FANBOYS连接。如【SVO，and SVO.】并列复合句两个信息都重要，如果非要比个重要性，后面的SVO更重要。

主从复合句：由从属连词连接的两个SVO。如【SVO when SVO.】 or 【When SVO, SVO.】划线部分为从句。主从复合句，主句信息要比从句重要，无论从句放在主句前还是主句后。

⚠️ sentence和SVO之间的关系

Sentence的定义是从上一个句号到下一个句号之间的内容，而SVO则是只需要有主谓宾就成立。那么sentence和SVO的关系就是，一个sentence可能由一个或多个SVO组成。

⚠️ SVO和主句（independent clause）之间的关系是什么

如果SVO由从属连词引导，则这个SVO就是一个从句，前面没有从属连词引导则为主句。比如If SVO1, SVO2.在这个句子中SVO1前有从属连词if，则这个SVO1就是一个从句，而SVO2前面没有任何东西，则为主句。无论主句还是从句，都要求SVO完整。

练习：判断下列sentence中有几个SVO，并且指出这几个SVO之间的关系。

1. SVO1, and SVO2.
2. SVO1, although SVO2, but SVO3.
3. SVO1 so that SVO2.

答案：1. 两个SVO，两个SVO是并列关系，由and 连接。2. 三个SVO，SVO2是SVO1的从句，由although连接，SVO3和SVO1并列，由but连接。3. SVO2是SVO1的从句，由so that连接，1是2的原因。

2. 并列复合句的连词（coordinating conjunctions）

3. 并列连词连接句子的正确打开方式

SVO, 「FANBOYS」 SVO. 但是「FANBOYS」 SVO, SVO.是错的。也就是说并列连词需要在两个SVO之间，且FANBOYS前的逗号一般不省略，除非两个SVO很短（比如 You leave and I go.)

如果两个SVO有插入语，为了避免歧义，可以用SVO; and SVO. 【SAT目前没有明确SVO；「FANBOYS」SVO. 是对是错】，但是有的参考书上说，如果前面的句子逗号多，我们可以用这种结构，如下面的例句。

🌰The figures at elite universities, particularly, are enough to cause sticker shock; yet the current increases at many schools are the lowest in a decade.

SVO. And/But SVO. 在SAT中也接受

Like paper or glass recycling, composting demands a certain amount of effort from the public in order to be successful. But the inconveniences of composting are far outweighed by its benefits. 【OG-8】

4. 从句的分类

5. 名词性从句的三种引导形式

1⃣️that型

Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist.

Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, the problem may be that consumers are overly concerned with superficial qualities rather than the actual freshness of the fruit.

Researchers consistently found no evidence that organic crops are more nutritious than conventionally grown ones in terms of their vitamin and mineral content.

注意：

（1） 宾语从句和表语从句的that大部分情况可以省略，其他都不可以。

（2） that在从句中不做成份，从句需要是一个完整的句子。

👉例题1: That philosophy skills are transferrable across professions which makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.

A) NO CHANGE

B) that

C) and

D) DELETE the underlined portion.

我们把这句话整体的粘贴下来：

That these skills are transferable across professions 43 which makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.

可以看出这句话中that开头引导了一个主语从句，一直到professions结束，如果43题处有which或者that则造成后面都是一个从句，整句话没有了谓语，而如果用and则整句话依然没有谓语，而且and前面是一个主语从句和后面的动词也无法并列，所以应该删去。整句话成分如下：

【That these skills are transferable across professions】【makes】【 them 】 【especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.】

这是一个典型的SVOC的句子。

2⃣️W-H型（包括who / what / why / when / how )

🌰“Weightlessness,” or microgravity similar to what is experienced in space, is achieved.

If ecologists can better understand what kinds of impacts animals might have on the environment, Wilmers contends, “there might be opportunities for win-win conservation scenarios, whereby animal species are protected or enhanced, and carbon gets sequestered.”

🌰What Wilmers and Estes discovered in their study, therefore, surprised them.

🌰Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role see otters played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

🌰Employers can also identify which employees have successfully completed instructional modules and which need to be offered additional training.

🌰It is a necessary vehicle for increasing our awareness of how we can fulfill our responsibilities to the planet and each other.

🌰 As Nicholas Wegner, one of the ecologists who participated in the study, said, “Nature has a way of surprising us with clever strategies where you least expect them.”

注意：

（1） W-H型引导词不可以省略

（2） W-H在从句中做成份，主语、宾语、状语。

👉例题1: How flavorists replicate flavors found in nature, often using a minuscule amount of many ingredients: is not readily apparent.

A) NO CHANGE

B) ingredients

C) ingredients;

D) ingredients,

答案：D。

解析：how flavorists replicate flavors found in nature是一个主语从句，often using..ingredients是插入语，所以前后都用逗号。

3⃣️ whether / if 型

There are a number of steps you can take to determine whether game design is the right field for you and, if it is, to prepare yourself for such a career.

No one knows whether something will fall into disrepair again.

🌰 As the wind speed rose to 136 miles per hour (mph), the researchers wondered whether the intensifying winds would reach record speeds. 【2019.5亚太】

whether 🆚 if

1. whether 只能引导含义有是否意味的名词性从句。
2. if 除了可以引导名词从句外还可以引导条件状语从句表示如果。
3. I don't know if he is right or wrong. | I don’t known whether he is right or wrong.
4. 介词后的宾语从句和主语从句只能用whether 。有whether 就选whether，不选if。
5. Whether 可以接to do， if 不可以。

注意宾语从句有三种：

动词的宾语从句：I know that he is dead.

介词的宾语从句：I am aware of what he is talking about.

形容词的宾语从句：I am glad that you like it.

练习: 找到下列句子中的全部从句

1. That the director won an Academy Award for his most recent movie surprised those of us who felt that the film was far inferior to those made by several of his competitors for the coveted prize.

4⃣️如何区分同位语从句和定语从句

同位语从句本质上是名词性从句，定语从句本质上是形容词性从句。两者的区别可以从以下几个维度理解。

第一，that引导定语从句从句引导词一定在句中作成份，而that引导的同位语从句不在从句中作成份。

🌰定语从句：I love the idea that he told me. 在定语从句里这里面that做told这个动词的宾语

🌰同位语从句：I love the idea that he is stupid. 在这个同位语从句中，that不做任何成份。

第二， 定语从句是修饰前面的名词，而同位语从句解释了前面名词的内涵。

第三， 同位语从句的先行词常见的有idea/concept/notion/fact等抽象概念。

6. 状语从句（或副词性从句）和从属连词

本质上来讲状语从句就相当于一个副词，因为副词就是用来修饰动词的，所以状语从句也是用来修饰主句的动词的。比如，

When I was young, I studied very hard. 这句话中when I was young是一个时间状语从句，修饰主句的studied的这个动作发生的事件是在我小的时候。hard这个副词也是修饰studied这个动作的，只不过他是一个单词，而不是一个从句。

由从属连词引导的部分基本都属于状语从句。从属连词有哪些呢？可以看下面具体展开。

(1) When SVO, SVO.【放句首用逗号和主句隔开】

(2) SVO when SVO. 【放主句后不需要隔开，如果强调非限定性状语从句或是转折的从句，则一般用逗号隔开,比如 SVO, although SVO. 】

(3) S, when SVO, VO. 【有时候也已插入语形式出现】

【注意】有一些从句只能放在主句后

SVO so that SVO. 【而不能so that SVO, SVO.】

7. 关于从属连词while

while引导的状语从句既有表示同时的意思，也有表示转折或对比，到底表示哪个意思，最可靠的是根据上下文判断。但是我们也有一些一般规律可循。

【SVO while SVO.】即while前无逗号，一般表示同时发生

【SVO, while SVO.】即while前有逗号，一般表示转折

【While SVO, SVO.】则不一定

参考阅读

Comma Before "While"

Brittney Ross

BASICS

Don’t use a comma before "while" when you mean “during the same time.”

Do use a comma before "while" when you mean “whereas” or “although.”

When "while" is used as a conjunction, it has two meanings. One meaning is related to time. In the temporal sense, "while" describes something that is happening at the same time as something else. The other meaning of "while" indicates a contrast. In this sense, it means “whereas” or “although.”

No Comma With "While" Means “At the Same Time”

Don’t use a comma before while when you’re talking about two things happening at the same time.

✅I decided to take a nap under my desk while everyone else was in the meeting.

❌I decided to take a nap under my desk, while everyone else was in the meeting.

✅Let’s order the curtains while they’re still on sale.

❌Let’s order the curtains, while they’re still on sale.

Comma With "While" Means “Whereas” or “Although”

Use a comma before "while" in the middle of a sentence when you mean “whereas” or “although.”

✅I prefer chocolate cake, while my sister prefers key lime pie.

❌ I prefer chocolate cake while my sister prefers key lime pie.

✅The price of eggs is rising, while the price of milk has stayed the same.

❌The price of eggs is rising while the price of milk has stayed the same.

"While" at the Beginning of a Sentence

When "while" is the first word of your sentence, you obviously shouldn’t add a comma in front of it. But if you’re using while to mean “whereas,” you still need to put a comma somewhere. Put it at the end of the clause that "while" introduces. The comma should go between the things that are happening at the same time.

✅While my sister prefers key lime pie, I prefer chocolate cake.

✅While the price of milk has stayed the same, the price of eggs is rising.

真题中的句子（以2018.5北美为例）

🌰Technological innovation has made components less expensive, while tax subsidies and other governmental incentive programs have offset some of the costs of installation for businesses and individuals. 【2018.5北美】

🌰Holmes, having plunged from a waterfall in Switzerland while fighting his enemy Moriarty, was dead. 【2018.5北美】

🌰While Conan Doyle was more than ready to part with the character, legions of fans were not.

🌰But while these factors may have had some effect, modern plays have been staged at Epidaurus on windless days, and actors have performed there without special enunciation or augmentation.

🌰Sounds with frequencies lower than 500 hertz are significantly dampened while higher-frequency sounds are reflected with little diminution.

🌰While many solar installers have taken courses at technical schools or community colleges, the only requirement beyond a high school diploma is usually an apprenticeship or other on-the-job training.

🌰Conventional agriculture uses 70 percent of the world’s available drinking water for irrigation, while vertical farming techniques are much more efficient in their use of water.（2018.3北美）

👉例题1: Many retailers rely on discount prices to attract customers, and these companies’ executives and managers often assume that they must maintain low employee costs to preserve these discounts. However, in recent years, several retailers have challenged this conventional wisdom, offering better-than-average wages and benefits, and they have done so, while keeping costs down and performing well financially.

A) NO CHANGE

B) benefits—and they have done so

C) benefits: and they have done so,

D) benefits and they have done so,

答案：B

解析：有了上面的分析，我们能看出，这里保持keep cost down和他们提升待遇（offer better-than-average wages）强调同时发生，因为这种商业模式让两个都达到了，而不是一个对立关系，所以选择B。

while虽然可以表示对比，但是要求两个相反的动作必须处在同一个时间范畴，而although没有这个限制。

👉例题1: This photograph, displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, was taken in 1867, so it feels immediate, as if its subject were staring back at the viewer in the present moment.

A) NO CHANGE

B) while

C) although

D) since

答案： C

8. 关于从属连词as

As像一个“幽灵词”，时不时出现在题目中，做好带有as的选项的题目，就要对as整体要有全面的了解。as既可以做介词，也可以做连词。

我们先来看这个句子，会看到这个句子有三个as：

Proponents of going digital say that technology is the easiest way to get the most accurate record of the proceedings, as the machine records everything faithfully as it occurs and is not subject to human errors such as mishearing or mistyping.

你能分析出这几个as有什么不同吗？

as做从属连词

as做连词可以引导状语从句（表原因、时间、方式、比较）和定语从句。

• 引导状语从句。引导原因和时间状语从句的时候，as后面有完整的SVO。引导方式状语从句和比较状语从句的时候后面也需要有完整SVO，只不过有的时候通常会省略一些。

【原因状语从句】

As everybody is here, the meeting is about to begin.

As the number of corporate and service-based jobs has increased, the need for people who work with their hands has diminished.

【时间状语从句】

As I enter the room, I hear a big noise.

🌰As public libraries adapt to rapid technological advances in information distribution, librarians’ roles are actually expanding.【OG2】

🌰As the ice melts, the land and water under the ice become exposed.

🌰As I walked through the exhibit, I overheard a visitor remark, “You know, that grandfather clock actually runs."

【方式状语从句】

You should do as the teacher tells you.（表示像…一样）

🌰As they do every year, thousands of people line H Street, the heart of Chinatown in Washington, DC. The crowd has gathered to celebrate Lunar New Year.

【比较状语从句】

He doesn't work as hard as I do. （一般都在as…as这种结构中一样）

【让步状语从句】

(As) young as he is, he knows a lot. (as…as 放句首，as可省略，但是这个句子是让步状语从句

🌰As interesting as Russ’s findings are, though, their true value lies in their reminder that the Internet is not merely a sophisticated tool for collecting data but is also itself a rich source of data.

• 引导定语从句时，as要在从句中作成份，做主语或宾语。

As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history.

It’s the same person as we wanted to find yesterday.

（1） as引导定语从句时，as指代整个句子，可以放在句首。

（2） as引导定语从句，如果是as + be + done的结构，则be动词可以省略，如：

The table as shown above is complicated.

（3）as引导定语从句，一般可以翻译出正如的含义来。

以下是OG中As引导定语从句的例子

🌰As Box explains, “Soot is an extremely powerful light absorber. ”

🌰As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are first stored in the open air undergoes roughly five percent less browning than the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into storage in a controlled environment.

🌰As the career of guitarist Ron Zabrocki illustrates, musicians who master many aspects of music production and develop strong networks of contracts can thrive in the music industry. 【2018.12亚太】

🌰Studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical as measured by standardized test scores.（省略了be动词，完整形式应该是as is measured by ……）

🌰It fails to support the main argument of the passage as introduced in the first paragraph.

🌰Critics have also asked if growing food using traditional methods, as opposed to mass production, can adequately and affordably feed the world.

🌰As can be seen from Levine and Rocco’s success in developing a best-selling 2011 sport-utility vehicle, job sharing provides an effective flexible working solution when undertaken by motivated employees and companies.[2017.5 亚太]

🌰Remote sensing also serves important functions back on Earth, as illustrated by the work of remote sensing specialist Karen Schuckman, who was involved in the North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Program. 【2019.10北美】

as做介词

as做介词表示作为，如such as / serve as / function as / as+noun表示作为…都是常考的短语

👉例题1: As evidenced by the critical and popular success of One Way Ticket, the Migration Series, all sixty panels of it, has indeed resonated with audiences.

1. NO CHANGE
2. evidence of
3. evidence for
4. evidenced to

答案：A

👉例题2: Today, their descendants dismantle bombs, investigate active volcanoes, and explore outer space, being evinced by the amazing photos sent back by NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity.

1. NO CHANGE
2. evincing this
3. this is evinced
4. as evinced

答案：D

👉例题3: Once, as a young girl fixes supper for herself, Fisher couldn’t resist adding enough curry to hard-boiled eggs in white sauce to completely change their appearance and flavor. Each bite burned her tongue, yet she was pleased with her accomplishment: the meal was far from bland.

A) NO CHANGE

B) fix

C) fixing

D) fixed

答案：C

解析：判断as在这里做什么词性很重要，这里的as做介词，表示Fisher作为一个为自己做饭的年轻女孩儿，如果选择D意思就不对了，就变成，当一个女孩做饭的时候，Fisher就要去加咖喱，Fisher怎么这么贱，要往别人的饭菜里加咖喱。

👉例题4: According to new estimates, the mountain range as we know it today most likely underwent major changes as recently as five million years ago.

1. NO CHANGE
2. as it is known to we
3. as we know them
4. that us know

答案： A

9. 区分从句和强调句

注意强调句是个特殊的句式，不要把这个理解为从句。那么强调句是什么呢？

1. 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。

e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.

2. 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。

e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping？

3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？

e.g. When and where was it that you were born？

4. 强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。

强调主语：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.

强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.

强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.

强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.

5. 注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that， who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that， who不可省略；强调句中的时态大部分时候只用一般现在时和一般过去时，当然我们也见过使用完成时的，只不过不太常见，因此原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was …… ，其余的时态用It is ……

👉例题1: It is not until 2007 that a study by Nico Declercq and Cindy Dekeyser of the Georgia Institute of Technology demonstrated that the theater’s seating arrangement is the source of its excellent acoustics.

1. NO CHANGE
2. had not been
3. would not have been
4. was not

答案：D

9. 关于the way引导方式状语从句

👉例题： These blue-light wavelengths are the same as those emitted by artificial sources of light, particularly computer screens, television, and cell phones. Therefore, these devices affect our brains and bodies much like daylight’s effect. （2019.10北美）

1. NO CHANGE
2. as daylight.
3. like those of day light.
4. the way daylight does.

答案：D

解析：这是新SAT第一次考察the way引导方式状语从句。其实这种说法对于母语学生来说非常常见，但是中国同学见得比较少。笔者参加了这次考试，有趣的事在参加这次考试前，笔者恰好读了一篇论文，标题就是用the way写的。感兴趣请看右图，所以在考场上笔者秒选了D选项。

为什么B和A不对呢首先如果是like的话，应该是设备和光比较，所以A应该改成like daylight. 而B选项的as更具有迷惑性，一般我们感觉比较结构都出现as。

但是as…as这个整体才能说和…一样，或者as 后接完整的SVO才能表示方式，比如经典的【When in Rome, do as the Romans do.】这句话。这样才能表示像XXX一样。而as直接加名词，表示作为，比如【I love you as a father.】我是作为父亲的角色爱你，来，叫爸爸！

因此我们这里选择D，the way引导SVO的时候就表示以XXX的方式。Merriam-Webster有专门的词条解释：

the way

1

: in view of the manner in which

You'd think she was rich, the way she spends money.

2

: LIKE, AS

We have cats the way other people have mice.

— James Thurber

这道题算是2019年10月份北美的一个新惊喜吧。

12. 连接副词和它的位置及用法

• 连接副词列举（以下均是连接副词，conjunctive adverbs）

• 连接副词的位置

连接副词在句中的位置比较灵活，最常见的位置是在句首、Introductory element与主句之间、和主语谓语之间，放在句末也可以。他们都表示的是连接副词所在的句子和上一句的关系。但是连接副词不是连词，所以不能用来连接两个句子。

位置1: SVO. However, SVO.或SVO; however, SVO.

🌰Black lions are the youngest; therefore, they dance quickly and playfully.

🌰Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid-1800s often found themselves in need of refreshment. However, food available on rail lines was generally of terrible quality.

位置2: SVO. Introductory Element, however, SVO.【这里一定要注意不是Introductory element和第二个SVO的关系，而是第一个SVO和第二个SVO的关系】

⚠️警惕

🌰For the sake of the public’s safety, however, repairs must be made. (2016.6 亚太）

解析：For the sake of the public’s safety是主句的原因，而不是和主句发生转折。repairs must be made这句话和前面的一句话转折。【前面的句子在上文没有显示】

🌰More than just a visually arresting sculpture, though, Bird in Space was responsible for changing how the US government recognizes art.

解析：More than just a visually arresting sculpture是主语的修饰语，而不是和主句发生转折。Bird in Space was responsible for changing how the US government recognizes art.

这句话和前面的一句话转折。【前面的句子在上文没有显示】

🌰 As research on giant tortoises in the Seychelles Islands demonstrates, though, the sizes of these populations can vary based on locality even within a small range of territory.

解析：本句可以抽象为As SVO, though, SVO. though体现出这一整句话和前面一句话发生转折。

位置3: SVO. S, however, VO.

🌰The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, soon worn off. 【OG1-3】

🌰Wilmers and Estes caution, however, that increasing the otter population will not automatically solve the problem of higher levels of carbon dioxide in the air.【OG2-2】

位置4: SVO. SVO, however.

【OG4 - 4】Not all research into regional English varieties requires such time, effort, and resources, however. 【however放在句末】

位置5: 某些表示因果的副词还有一个位置，可以插在SVO和修饰它的doing之间。比如

SVO, therefore / thus / thereby doing.

🌰Because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay satiated for long time.

这个结构体现出了doing是SVO导致的结果(用therey体现出来），其实不加也可以，但是加上就能让关系更为的清晰。

位置6: 如果主语相同的时候，可以 SVO and therefore VO.

关于however这个单词的位置，国外有专门的研究进行了更深入的探讨。

Yelda, Dilan & Emine (2018)对这个问题进行了深入的探讨。他们基于British Academic Written English（BAWE）这个公开的语料库，对however这个词进行了深入的分析。

首先，虽然however可以出现在句首、句中、句末，但是主要的位置还是在句首。数据库显示，however一共出现了1843次/百万字，其中60.3%出现在句首，39%出现在句中，只有0.55%出现在句末。那么什么时候会触发however放在句首，什么时候会触发however放在句中的行为呢？这篇文章给出了一些定性的描述。

比如，当一个句子的句首有一些修饰性的介词短语时，一般however倾向于放在中间。如下面的例句：

（1） By the end of 1978, however, his position was on shaky ground.…

（2） At this time, however, Poland was still by no means .…

（3） In New England, however, Governor William Bradford ensured that .…

在以it is / there be / 开头的句子中，however倾向于放在他们前面，比如下面的例句：

(1) However, it is far more likely that the ….

(2) However, it is not clear whether or not .…

(3) However, there is very little current research on ....

当然以上的两种情况，把however放在其他位置也可接受，而且也在语料库中能够找到，但是不够高频。

reference:

• Orhon, Y., Püren, D.K., & Güzel, E.T. (2018). A Corpus Linguistic Study on the Use of However in British Academic Spoken and Written English.

👉例题： As was the case with many tenements, the ground level of 97 Orchard housed businesses, including butcher shops, auction houses, and saloons. Commerce wasn’t limited to the ground level, for example. To supplement their meager incomes, many tenants used their parlors as small garment factories. After 1935, the storefront businesses stayed open, while the apartments above them remained vacant, untouched for more than fifty years.

A) NO CHANGE

B) however.

C) in other words.

D) in short.

答案：B

解析：虽然这个词在这句话的末尾，但是体现的是commerce was ….和前一句的关系。前一句说他们在ground level做生意，而后面这句话说的是不仅仅局限于ground level，所以是一个转折关系。

13. 四种常见的run-on和四种常见的改法

• 常见run-on

在英语中，一个句子内如果有N个SVO，则必须有N-1个连词或可以隔开主句的标点（如冒号，分号）。如果一个句子抽象成下面的模型，这个句子就有问题，被称之为一个run-on sentence，即句子如流水一般，缺少连词。

1⃣️ SVO, SVO.【又叫comma splice，两个SVO用逗号连接】

2⃣️ SVO SVO.【两个SVO连逗号都没有了，太不像话了】

3⃣️ SVO, however, SVO.【两个SVO用连接副词连接】

4⃣️ conj. SVO, conj. SVO.【conj. 是连词的意思。这种错误的本质是连词太多了；although but不能连用，because so 不能连用，本质上都属于这一类错误】

• 改正方法

1⃣️ 标点法。 用可以隔开两个句子的标点隔开两个句子，如句号，冒号，破折号，分号。

SVO. SVO. | SVO: SVO. | SVO— SVO. | SVO; SVO.

2⃣️ 连词法。添加合适的并列连词或从属连词连接两个句子。

3⃣️ 独立主格法。将其中一个SVO改成独立主格结构。【关于独立主格内容参见chapter 9】

14. 一些特殊句式要看成完整句

（1） 祈使句。注意祈使句是一个完整的句子。Work hard, and you will get a high score. 这里work hard就是一个完整的句子，所以和后面的you will get a high score需要用逗号+and相联。

（2） enter sb. 这个句型在SAT中常出现，表示某人登场，我们应该把它看成一个完整的句子。

🌰 Enter committee member John Burland, a geotechnical engineer from England who saved London’s clock tower Big Ben from collapse. 【OG6 - 2】

🌰 Enter the detective: Tim Jenison, an engineer who loves puzzles and machinery. 【2017.12亚太】

🌰Enter Richard Fairbanks, a geochemist at Columbia University, who developed a program

to recover drill cores from the coral reef platform surrounding the island of Barbados. 【2018.12北美】

（3） take something for example

虽然在OG中只出现一次，但是for example和take something for example的用法还是难倒了很多人。在这里一并总结如下。

举例我们有两种方法，一种是for example / for instance这种副词性短语。另一种是take something for example. 这种完整的句子。他们在使用的时候一定要注意其正确的形式。

如果是for example / for instance，则与例子用逗号连接。如For example, SVO. 或者S, for example, VO.

如果是take something for example则和例子用能隔开句子的标点隔开，如句号，冒号。Take something for example. SVO.

同时还要注意Take something for example还有如下变体。

（1） Take something.（省略for example）

（2） Take something, for example.（ 将for example和take用逗号隔开）

（3） Take, for example, something. (将for example作为插入语提前）

（4） Consider something for example.（将take换成consider）

（5） Taking something for example, SVO.（如果把它变成doing做句首修饰与，则用逗号和SVO连接，因为并不是一个完整的句子了。

（6） Take something, for example: SVO. （标点符号发生变化，也没问题，因为冒号也可以隔开句子）

还These theories have their critics: Tim Jenison, an engineer who loves puzzles and machinery.

需要注意如果说了take something for example或任何一种形式，就不能在后句再说for example，因为这样语义重复赘述了。比如，

❌Take A. For example, SVO. 这个就是错的。

👉例题1: Take Bartlett pears, for instance, unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1- MCP at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

A) NO CHANGE

B) pears, for instance:

C) pears for instance,

D) pears. For instance,

答案：B

👉例题2: Consider a long section of dialogue in an audiobook, without pauses, the back-and-forth of the characters runs together, making it difficult for a listener to follow the narrative thread. 【2019.10亚太】

1. NO CHANGE
2. audiobook without pauses,
3. audiobook—without pauses—
4. audiobook: without pauses,

答案：D